{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4285140608","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2022.3172726","title":"Robust Under-Frequency Load Shedding With Electric Vehicles Under Wind Power and Commute Uncertainties","display_name":"Robust Under-Frequency Load Shedding With Electric Vehicles Under Wind Power and Commute Uncertainties","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-05-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4285140608","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2022.3172726"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2022.3172726","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2022.3172726","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100387559","display_name":"Hui Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2676-9171"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150807315","display_name":"Guangxi University","ror":"https://ror.org/02c9qn167","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150807315"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hui Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2676-9171","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150807315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023750379","display_name":"Houlin Pan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1147-110X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150807315","display_name":"Guangxi University","ror":"https://ror.org/02c9qn167","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150807315"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Houlin Pan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1147-110X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150807315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100714531","display_name":"Ni Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7037-7004"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150807315","display_name":"Guangxi University","ror":"https://ror.org/02c9qn167","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150807315"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ni Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150807315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Muhammad Zain Yousaf","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7166-6780"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150807315","display_name":"Guangxi University","ror":"https://ror.org/02c9qn167","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150807315"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Zain Yousaf","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7166-6780","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150807315"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000520484","display_name":"Hui Hwang Goh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3220-7631"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150807315","display_name":"Guangxi University","ror":"https://ror.org/02c9qn167","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150807315"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hui Hwang Goh","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3220-7631","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150807315"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054429264","display_name":"Saifur Rahman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6226-8406"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134033","display_name":"Advanced Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03e1yhr47","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210134033"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I859038795","display_name":"Virginia Tech","ror":"https://ror.org/02smfhw86","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saifur Rahman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Advanced Research Institute, Virginia Tech, Arlington, VA, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6226-8406","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced Research Institute, Virginia Tech, Arlington, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134033","https://openalex.org/I859038795"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100387559"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150807315"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.9818,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":45,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95887757,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"5","first_page":"3676","last_page":"3687"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/randomness","display_name":"Randomness","score":0.7698104381561279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wind-power","display_name":"Wind power","score":0.6343420147895813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.5958132147789001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-power-system","display_name":"Electric power system","score":0.5437045097351074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.47327920794487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parametric-statistics","display_name":"Parametric statistics","score":0.4608674943447113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stability","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","score":0.4521706700325012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.43968087434768677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.41172564029693604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.15882739424705505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.11546564102172852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.09348246455192566}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125112378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176640","display_name":"Randomness","level":2,"score":0.7698104381561279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78600449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43302","display_name":"Wind power","level":2,"score":0.6343420147895813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.5958132147789001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.5437045097351074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.47327920794487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117251300","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1849855","display_name":"Parametric statistics","level":2,"score":0.4608674943447113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.4521706700325012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.43968087434768677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.41172564029693604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.15882739424705505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.11546564102172852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.09348246455192566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2022.3172726","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2022.3172726","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9100000262260437,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4422208163","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018JJG160007","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322768","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G862357678","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"51977041","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322768","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangxi Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W24119265","https://openalex.org/W1966445072","https://openalex.org/W2009670082","https://openalex.org/W2030182956","https://openalex.org/W2037377513","https://openalex.org/W2064646469","https://openalex.org/W2068929682","https://openalex.org/W2097477990","https://openalex.org/W2097807619","https://openalex.org/W2110211775","https://openalex.org/W2110737883","https://openalex.org/W2136539231","https://openalex.org/W2155350901","https://openalex.org/W2159467004","https://openalex.org/W2163490237","https://openalex.org/W2166580176","https://openalex.org/W2167356351","https://openalex.org/W2168770754","https://openalex.org/W2461490389","https://openalex.org/W2465800247","https://openalex.org/W2525833183","https://openalex.org/W2529088706","https://openalex.org/W2580071208","https://openalex.org/W2612202672","https://openalex.org/W2764917955","https://openalex.org/W2778411826","https://openalex.org/W2781914314","https://openalex.org/W2783028794","https://openalex.org/W2861315043","https://openalex.org/W2894135540","https://openalex.org/W2945721396","https://openalex.org/W2963039126","https://openalex.org/W2984455290","https://openalex.org/W2996639492","https://openalex.org/W3022617956","https://openalex.org/W3044162788","https://openalex.org/W4250398466","https://openalex.org/W6762572096"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2067224748","https://openalex.org/W2355127364","https://openalex.org/W2130556575","https://openalex.org/W2340695655","https://openalex.org/W4293522969","https://openalex.org/W2023390409","https://openalex.org/W2100186965","https://openalex.org/W2914719743","https://openalex.org/W2784099523"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Under-frequency":[0],"load":[1,45,63],"shedding":[2],"(UFLS)":[3],"is":[4,70,144],"an":[5,141],"important":[6],"measure":[7],"for":[8,39,132],"tackling":[9],"low-frequency":[10],"events":[11],"caused":[12],"by":[13],"load-generation":[14],"imbalance.":[15],"However,":[16,47],"the":[17,74,81,87,105,109,115,123,138,148,154,157],"uncertainty":[18,118],"of":[19,76,83,90,156],"wind":[20,84,116],"power":[21,23,85,117],"amplifies":[22],"imbalances":[24],"and":[25,60,86,114,168],"can":[26],"potentially":[27],"impair":[28],"frequency":[29,58,164],"stability.":[30],"Electric":[31],"vehicles":[32],"(EVs)":[33],"present":[34],"a":[35,65,95,162],"more":[36],"effective":[37],"means":[38],"addressing":[40],"this":[41],"issue":[42],"compared":[43,165],"to":[44,72,128,146],"shedding.":[46],"EVs":[48,77,91],"have":[49],"several":[50],"limitations":[51],"such":[52],"as":[53],"commute":[54,88,112],"randomness.":[55],"To":[56],"ensure":[57],"stability":[59],"simultaneously":[61],"reduce":[62],"shedding,":[64],"bi-level":[66,103],"confidence-interval-based":[67],"optimal":[68],"strategy":[69],"proposed":[71,145,158],"enable":[73],"participation":[75],"in":[78,160],"UFLS,":[79],"where":[80],"uncertainties":[82],"randomness":[89,113],"are":[92,126],"estimated":[93],"using":[94],"non-parametric":[96],"kernel":[97],"density":[98],"estimation":[99],"(KDE)":[100],"method.":[101],"In":[102],"optimization,":[104],"upper":[106],"level":[107],"reduces":[108],"dependency":[110],"on":[111],"during":[119],"load-shedding":[120],"events.":[121],"Further,":[122],"upper-level":[124],"solutions":[125],"sent":[127],"EV":[129],"charging":[130],"stations":[131],"emergency":[133],"dispatch.":[134],"By":[135],"contrast,":[136],"at":[137],"lower":[139],"level,":[140],"approximation-function-based":[142],"priority":[143],"optimize":[147],"task":[149],"allocation.":[150],"Simulation":[151],"results":[152],"show":[153],"advantages":[155],"approach":[159],"maintaining":[161],"stable":[163],"with":[166],"traditional":[167],"adaptive":[169],"UFLS":[170],"schemes.":[171]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-24T08:23:43.765630","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}