{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4226133732","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2022.3156897","title":"LoMoS: Less-Online/More-Offline Signatures for Extremely Time-Critical Systems","display_name":"LoMoS: Less-Online/More-Offline Signatures for Extremely Time-Critical Systems","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-03-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4226133732","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2022.3156897"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2022.3156897","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2022.3156897","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/5165411/9801905/09729489.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/5165411/9801905/09729489.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023606873","display_name":"Ertem Esiner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3290-2514"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108443","display_name":"Advanced Digital Sciences Center","ror":"https://ror.org/01xaqx887","country_code":"SG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210108443"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ertem Esiner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Advanced Digital Sciences Center, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced Digital Sciences Center, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108443"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004001325","display_name":"Utku Tefek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4436-9200"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108443","display_name":"Advanced Digital Sciences Center","ror":"https://ror.org/01xaqx887","country_code":"SG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210108443"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Utku Tefek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Advanced Digital Sciences Center, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced Digital Sciences Center, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108443"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004125313","display_name":"Hasan S. M. Erol","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hasan S. M. Erol","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049285151","display_name":"Daisuke Mashima","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1946-1790"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108443","display_name":"Advanced Digital Sciences Center","ror":"https://ror.org/01xaqx887","country_code":"SG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210108443"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daisuke Mashima","raw_affiliation_strings":["Advanced Digital Sciences Center, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced Digital Sciences Center, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108443"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100687673","display_name":"Binbin Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9584-0082"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152815399","display_name":"Singapore University of Technology and Design","ror":"https://ror.org/05j6fvn87","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Binbin Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019677106","display_name":"Yih\u2010Chun Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7829-3929"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yih-Chun Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Illinois Urbana&#x2013;Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Illinois Urbana&#x2013;Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043860236","display_name":"Zbigniew Kalbarczyk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-6040-6865"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zbigniew Kalbarczyk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Illinois Urbana&#x2013;Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Illinois Urbana&#x2013;Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022586647","display_name":"David M. Nicol","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3512-6979"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David M. Nicol","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Illinois Urbana&#x2013;Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Illinois Urbana&#x2013;Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5023606873"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210108443"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.133,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":26,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91626249,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"4","first_page":"3214","last_page":"3226"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12216","display_name":"Network Time Synchronization Technologies","score":0.9927999973297119,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7523847818374634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.7437620162963867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-signature","display_name":"Digital signature","score":0.6499837636947632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signature","display_name":"Signature (topology)","score":0.6152894496917725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/online-and-offline","display_name":"Online and offline","score":0.5694470405578613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/online-algorithm","display_name":"Online algorithm","score":0.5130835771560669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/throughput","display_name":"Throughput","score":0.49492114782333374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.36635857820510864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.35131192207336426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.2704218924045563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.20498892664909363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.13768774271011353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.09699580073356628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.09168034791946411}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7523847818374634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.7437620162963867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118463975","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220849","display_name":"Digital signature","level":3,"score":0.6499837636947632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779696439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512811","display_name":"Signature (topology)","level":2,"score":0.6152894496917725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780102126","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10928179","display_name":"Online and offline","level":2,"score":0.5694470405578613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196921405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786431","display_name":"Online algorithm","level":2,"score":0.5130835771560669},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.49492114782333374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.36635857820510864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.35131192207336426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2704218924045563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.20498892664909363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.13768774271011353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.09699580073356628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.09168034791946411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99138194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183427","display_name":"Hash function","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2022.3156897","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2022.3156897","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/5165411/9801905/09729489.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2022.3156897","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2022.3156897","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/5165411/9801905/09729489.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.6000000238418579}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320709","display_name":"National Research Foundation Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/03cpyc314"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4226133732.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4226133732.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W115629558","https://openalex.org/W1490341282","https://openalex.org/W1525451859","https://openalex.org/W1566345534","https://openalex.org/W1589034595","https://openalex.org/W1595144095","https://openalex.org/W1646354800","https://openalex.org/W1653866131","https://openalex.org/W1892798954","https://openalex.org/W1919093791","https://openalex.org/W1974303722","https://openalex.org/W1992589487","https://openalex.org/W2005725110","https://openalex.org/W2005759443","https://openalex.org/W2013613544","https://openalex.org/W2020940698","https://openalex.org/W2021851307","https://openalex.org/W2025434161","https://openalex.org/W2027340820","https://openalex.org/W2036463896","https://openalex.org/W2069836575","https://openalex.org/W2087760019","https://openalex.org/W2097454848","https://openalex.org/W2108834246","https://openalex.org/W2110031807","https://openalex.org/W2114440979","https://openalex.org/W2127892706","https://openalex.org/W2146395537","https://openalex.org/W2155117492","https://openalex.org/W2517677527","https://openalex.org/W2563742091","https://openalex.org/W2746904025","https://openalex.org/W2806487405","https://openalex.org/W2914602491","https://openalex.org/W2921073667","https://openalex.org/W2953284788","https://openalex.org/W2991517675","https://openalex.org/W2991588553","https://openalex.org/W3114392160","https://openalex.org/W4206595402","https://openalex.org/W4238860551","https://openalex.org/W6604713957","https://openalex.org/W6631309226"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4293719927","https://openalex.org/W2551386157","https://openalex.org/W1992095061","https://openalex.org/W1542548105","https://openalex.org/W2463119508","https://openalex.org/W3149937730","https://openalex.org/W2969821712","https://openalex.org/W2388085307","https://openalex.org/W2558913990","https://openalex.org/W2378267454"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,16,87,119],"state-of-the-art":[1],"digital":[2,26,64,73,187],"signatures":[3,27,74,89],"incur":[4],"undesirable":[5],"delays,":[6],"hence":[7],"are":[8],"impractical":[9],"for":[10,42,111],"time-stringent":[11],"Industrial":[12],"Control":[13],"Systems":[14],"(ICSs).":[15],"recent":[17],"revision":[18],"to":[19,67,161],"IEC":[20,133],"62351\u20136":[21],"standard":[22],"stepped":[23],"back":[24,83],"from":[25,200],"in":[28,143],"favor":[29],"of":[30,72,108],"symmetric":[31],"key":[32,37,46,70],"based":[33],"solutions,":[34,198],"thereby":[35],"sacrificing":[36],"properties,":[38,194],"e.g.,":[39],"scaling":[40],"well":[41],"multiple":[43],"destinations,":[44],"easy":[45],"distribution":[47],"and":[48,52,147,166,195],"management,":[49],"public":[50],"verifiability,":[51],"non-repudiation.":[53],"Inspired":[54],"by":[55],"the":[56,69,76,92,100,106,109,115,127,144,177],"Online/Offline":[57,88],"signatures,":[58],"this":[59,81,123],"paper":[60,154],"presents":[61],"a":[62,182],"new":[63],"signature":[65,93,188],"model":[66],"provide":[68],"properties":[71],"within":[75],"delay":[77,135,165],"requirements,":[78],"hinting":[79],"that":[80,184],"step":[82],"can":[84],"be":[85],"avoided.":[86],"concept":[90,124],"divides":[91],"generation":[94],"into":[95,190],"two":[96],"phases;":[97],"offline":[98,149],"(before":[99],"message":[101,116,168],"is":[102,117],"given),":[103],"online":[104,145,178],"(using":[105],"outputs":[107],"former":[110],"faster":[112],"signing":[113],"after":[114],"given).":[118],"conventional":[120],"solutions":[121],"following":[122],"potentially":[125],"reduce":[126],"delay,":[128],"yet":[129],"do":[130],"not":[131],"meet":[132],"61850":[134],"requirements":[136],"as":[137],"they":[138],"still":[139],"involve":[140],"expensive":[141,173],"operations":[142,174],"phase,":[146],"their":[148],"phase":[150],"hinders":[151],"throughput.":[152,169],"This":[153],"introduces":[155],"<italic":[156],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[157],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">Less-online/More-offline":[158],"Signatures</i>":[159],"(LoMoS)":[160],"enable":[162],"minimal":[163],"end-to-end":[164],"high":[167],"LoMoS":[170],"entails":[171],"avoiding":[172],"entirely":[175],"during":[176],"phase.":[179],"We":[180],"present":[181],"construction":[183],"converts":[185],"any":[186],"scheme":[189],"LoMoS,":[191],"retains":[192],"its":[193],"unlike":[196],"existing":[197],"benefits":[199],"shorter":[201],"messages.":[202]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}