{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3168308253","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2022.3152147","title":"Mixed-Integer Nonlinear Programming for State-Based Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring","display_name":"Mixed-Integer Nonlinear Programming for State-Based Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-02-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3168308253","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2022.3152147","mag":"3168308253"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2022.3152147","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2022.3152147","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2106.09158","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016679347","display_name":"Marco Balletti","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116067653","display_name":"University of Rome Tor Vergata","ror":"https://ror.org/02p77k626","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116067653"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Marco Balletti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil and Computer Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil and Computer Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116067653"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068357817","display_name":"Veronica Piccialli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3357-9608"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116067653","display_name":"University of Rome Tor Vergata","ror":"https://ror.org/02p77k626","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116067653"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Veronica Piccialli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil and Computer Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil and Computer Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116067653"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083536934","display_name":"Antonio M. Sudoso","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2936-9931"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116067653","display_name":"University of Rome Tor Vergata","ror":"https://ror.org/02p77k626","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116067653"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Antonio M. Sudoso","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil and Computer Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil and Computer Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116067653"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5016679347"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116067653"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.4073,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":38,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92938834,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"4","first_page":"3301","last_page":"3314"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10121","display_name":"Building Energy and Comfort Optimization","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11220","display_name":"Water Systems and Optimization","score":0.9805999994277954,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.6332729458808899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6297845840454102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optimization-problem","display_name":"Optimization problem","score":0.6138414144515991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.6122643947601318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonlinear-programming","display_name":"Nonlinear programming","score":0.5745961666107178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/integer-programming","display_name":"Integer programming","score":0.5729089975357056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quadratic-programming","display_name":"Quadratic programming","score":0.5657062530517578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-meter","display_name":"Smart meter","score":0.5409117937088013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"Energy consumption","score":0.5169155597686768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/integer","display_name":"Integer (computer science)","score":0.48387014865875244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.4701573848724365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.45656901597976685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-programming","display_name":"Linear programming","score":0.45073074102401733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-number","display_name":"Binary number","score":0.4474402666091919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonlinear-system","display_name":"Nonlinear system","score":0.408669650554657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-grid","display_name":"Smart grid","score":0.36988505721092224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.30786359310150146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.15159159898757935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.13977283239364624}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.6332729458808899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6297845840454102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.6138414144515991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.6122643947601318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115527620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q769909","display_name":"Nonlinear programming","level":3,"score":0.5745961666107178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56086750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6042592","display_name":"Integer programming","level":2,"score":0.5729089975357056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81845259","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q290117","display_name":"Quadratic programming","level":2,"score":0.5657062530517578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779510800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1630602","display_name":"Smart meter","level":3,"score":0.5409117937088013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.5169155597686768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97137487","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q729138","display_name":"Integer (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.48387014865875244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4701573848724365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.45656901597976685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41045048","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202843","display_name":"Linear programming","level":2,"score":0.45073074102401733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.4474402666091919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158622935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660848","display_name":"Nonlinear system","level":2,"score":0.408669650554657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10558101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855","display_name":"Smart grid","level":2,"score":0.36988505721092224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.30786359310150146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.15159159898757935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.13977283239364624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2022.3152147","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2022.3152147","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2106.09158","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2106.09158","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2106.09158","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.uniroma1.it:11573/1622171","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11573/1622171","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196107","display_name":"IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2106.09158","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2106.09158","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2106.09158","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.9200000166893005,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W165602157","https://openalex.org/W168840469","https://openalex.org/W1138573735","https://openalex.org/W1272474793","https://openalex.org/W1479651931","https://openalex.org/W1735866749","https://openalex.org/W1964166152","https://openalex.org/W1994042232","https://openalex.org/W1996944908","https://openalex.org/W2006478669","https://openalex.org/W2043934529","https://openalex.org/W2047861906","https://openalex.org/W2073849744","https://openalex.org/W2082074414","https://openalex.org/W2082639035","https://openalex.org/W2086052667","https://openalex.org/W2088953431","https://openalex.org/W2093726391","https://openalex.org/W2123910460","https://openalex.org/W2140514146","https://openalex.org/W2150593711","https://openalex.org/W2151729265","https://openalex.org/W2164278908","https://openalex.org/W2255051834","https://openalex.org/W2292311507","https://openalex.org/W2302941507","https://openalex.org/W2338554958","https://openalex.org/W2344234701","https://openalex.org/W2465358378","https://openalex.org/W2515519620","https://openalex.org/W2554032856","https://openalex.org/W2559280146","https://openalex.org/W2566212894","https://openalex.org/W2581463316","https://openalex.org/W2598527303","https://openalex.org/W2755492127","https://openalex.org/W2806562437","https://openalex.org/W2891864814","https://openalex.org/W2921676705","https://openalex.org/W2943271466","https://openalex.org/W2954581781","https://openalex.org/W2979684985","https://openalex.org/W3008901316","https://openalex.org/W3015175351","https://openalex.org/W3099873379","https://openalex.org/W3102977103","https://openalex.org/W3103134914","https://openalex.org/W3127962484","https://openalex.org/W3129106477","https://openalex.org/W3158016150","https://openalex.org/W4232598359","https://openalex.org/W4292363360","https://openalex.org/W6627345084","https://openalex.org/W6794659512"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3018909029","https://openalex.org/W3205631650","https://openalex.org/W2775355700","https://openalex.org/W2246071452","https://openalex.org/W2165970106","https://openalex.org/W1985785385","https://openalex.org/W1124398682","https://openalex.org/W4316660856","https://openalex.org/W2387071565","https://openalex.org/W2052546123"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Energy":[0],"disaggregation,":[1],"known":[2,160],"in":[3,178],"the":[4,12,16,23,46,62,65,76,81,104,113,157,163,170,174,179],"literature":[5],"as":[6,87],"Non-Intrusive":[7],"Load":[8],"Monitoring":[9],"(NILM),":[10],"is":[11,58,85,124,143],"task":[13],"of":[14,19,54,115,118,159,165,173],"inferring":[15],"energy":[17,43,82],"consumption":[18,152],"each":[20],"appliance":[21],"given":[22],"aggregate":[24],"signal":[25],"recorded":[26],"by":[27,68],"a":[28,37,49,70,88,132],"single":[29],"smart":[30],"meter.":[31],"In":[32,45],"this":[33],"paper,":[34],"we":[35],"propose":[36],"novel":[38],"two-stage":[39],"optimization-based":[40,128,175],"approach":[41,123],"for":[42],"disaggregation.":[44],"first":[47],"phase,":[48],"small":[50],"training":[51],"set":[52],"consisting":[53],"disaggregated":[55,105],"power":[56,66],"profiles":[57],"used":[59],"to":[60,147],"estimate":[61],"parameters":[63,78],"and":[64,109,135,154],"states":[67],"solving":[69],"mixed":[71],"integer":[72],"programming":[73],"problem.":[74,93],"Once":[75],"model":[77],"are":[79,107],"estimated,":[80],"disaggregation":[83],"problem":[84],"formulated":[86],"constrained":[89],"binary":[90],"quadratic":[91],"optimization":[92],"We":[94],"incorporate":[95],"penalty":[96],"terms":[97],"that":[98],"exploit":[99],"prior":[100],"knowledge":[101],"on":[102,131,136],"how":[103],"traces":[106],"generated,":[108],"appliance-specific":[110],"constraints":[111],"characterizing":[112],"signature":[114],"different":[116],"types":[117],"appliances":[119,161],"operating":[120],"simultaneously.":[121],"Our":[122],"compared":[125],"with":[126,150],"existing":[127],"algorithms":[129],"both":[130],"synthetic":[133],"dataset":[134],"three":[137],"real-world":[138],"datasets.":[139],"The":[140],"proposed":[141],"formulation":[142],"computationally":[144],"efficient,":[145],"able":[146],"disambiguate":[148],"loads":[149],"similar":[151],"patterns,":[153],"successfully":[155],"reconstruct":[156],"signatures":[158],"despite":[162],"presence":[164],"unmetered":[166],"devices,":[167],"thus":[168],"overcoming":[169],"main":[171],"drawbacks":[172],"methods":[176],"available":[177],"literature.":[180]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2021-06-22T00:00:00"}
