{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4210366923","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2022.3148601","title":"MPC Coordinated Primary Frequency Support of Small- and Large-Scale Heat Pumps","display_name":"MPC Coordinated Primary Frequency Support of Small- and Large-Scale Heat Pumps","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-02-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4210366923","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2022.3148601"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2022.3148601","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2022.3148601","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012584659","display_name":"Theis Bo Rasmussen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0745-2037"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96673099","display_name":"Technical University of Denmark","ror":"https://ror.org/04qtj9h94","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Theis Bo Harild Rasmussen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0745-2037","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010334964","display_name":"Qiuwei Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7935-2567"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210114105","display_name":"Tsinghua\u2013Berkeley Shenzhen Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02hhwwz98","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114105","https://openalex.org/I95457486","https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiuwei Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7935-2567","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210114105","https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038716728","display_name":"Jakob Glarbo M\u00f8ller","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2495-627X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jakob Glarbo Moller","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nordic Regional Security Coordinator, Copenhagen, Denmark"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nordic Regional Security Coordinator, Copenhagen, Denmark","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008559518","display_name":"Menglin Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7853-9354"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3124059619","display_name":"China University of Geosciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04gcegc37","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Menglin Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7853-9354","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3124059619"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5012584659"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3081,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":18,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76917513,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"3","first_page":"2000","last_page":"2010"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11808","display_name":"Superconducting Materials and Applications","score":0.9943000078201294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11808","display_name":"Superconducting Materials and Applications","score":0.9943000078201294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11185","display_name":"Integrated Energy Systems Optimization","score":0.993399977684021,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12139","display_name":"Advanced Thermodynamic Systems and Engines","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.4884837865829468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/primary","display_name":"Primary (astronomy)","score":0.4154886305332184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.37343770265579224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.3671687841415405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.33725446462631226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3341313898563385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.25898104906082153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.10608890652656555}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.4884837865829468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777977315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7243056","display_name":"Primary (astronomy)","level":2,"score":0.4154886305332184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.37343770265579224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.3671687841415405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.33725446462631226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3341313898563385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.25898104906082153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.10608890652656555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2022.3148601","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2022.3148601","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:publications/eb5ee091-df5f-42eb-8a32-ef4e5655ebe8","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://orbit.dtu.dk/en/publications/eb5ee091-df5f-42eb-8a32-ef4e5655ebe8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400705","display_name":"Technical University of Denmark, DTU Orbit (Technical University of Denmark, DTU)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I96673099","host_organization_name":"Technical University of Denmark","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96673099"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Rasmussen , T B H , Wu , Q , M\u00f8ller , J G & Zhang , M 2022 , ' MPC Coordinated Primary Frequency Support of Small- and Large-Scale Heat Pumps ' , IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid , vol. 13 , no. 3 , 9703676 , pp. 2000-2010 . https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2022.3148601","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.7599999904632568,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G194877933","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"8087-00003A","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313796","funder_display_name":"Innovationsfonden"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313796","display_name":"Innovationsfonden","ror":"https://ror.org/00daj4111"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1763243278","https://openalex.org/W1897955010","https://openalex.org/W1982445895","https://openalex.org/W1985774233","https://openalex.org/W2000645573","https://openalex.org/W2083377959","https://openalex.org/W2090359259","https://openalex.org/W2096685646","https://openalex.org/W2114174807","https://openalex.org/W2117497291","https://openalex.org/W2121069325","https://openalex.org/W2122032342","https://openalex.org/W2147262640","https://openalex.org/W2151709855","https://openalex.org/W2155125112","https://openalex.org/W2164961065","https://openalex.org/W2199118834","https://openalex.org/W2223620862","https://openalex.org/W2346611941","https://openalex.org/W2460455176","https://openalex.org/W2563096608","https://openalex.org/W2615836285","https://openalex.org/W2618530511","https://openalex.org/W2764917955","https://openalex.org/W2766999452","https://openalex.org/W2789606931","https://openalex.org/W2885507273","https://openalex.org/W2899883418","https://openalex.org/W2911013471","https://openalex.org/W3015754977","https://openalex.org/W3024929018","https://openalex.org/W3030971762","https://openalex.org/W3049336431","https://openalex.org/W3088818882","https://openalex.org/W3131546528","https://openalex.org/W3175212545","https://openalex.org/W3184524131","https://openalex.org/W3191214036","https://openalex.org/W3213374491","https://openalex.org/W6689004578"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W4404995717","https://openalex.org/W2016187641","https://openalex.org/W4404725684","https://openalex.org/W4246450666","https://openalex.org/W4388998267","https://openalex.org/W4409278740","https://openalex.org/W2898370298","https://openalex.org/W4410118003","https://openalex.org/W2137437058"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Heat":[0],"pumps":[1],"(HPs)":[2],"can":[3],"provide":[4],"flexibility":[5],"for":[6,38,87],"different":[7,48],"power":[8,16],"system":[9,17,163],"services,":[10],"including":[11],"frequency":[12,89,155],"support.":[13],"The":[14,95],"modern":[15],"integrates":[18],"various":[19],"sized":[20,40],"HPs":[21,58,70],"as":[22],"part":[23],"of":[24,100,117,131,153],"individual":[25],"or":[26],"district":[27],"heating":[28,162],"systems.":[29],"While":[30],"the":[31,98,126,137,150,154,158,161,165],"basic":[32],"principles":[33],"and":[34,64,83,93,135],"layout":[35],"are":[36,65,72],"similar":[37],"differently":[39],"HPs,":[41],"differences":[42],"in":[43,53],"dynamic":[44],"response":[45,63,90,109],"characteristics":[46],"entail":[47],"limitations":[49],"on":[50,103,120],"their":[51],"participation":[52],"grid":[54],"service":[55],"provision.":[56],"Small-scale":[57],"(S-HPs)":[59],"have":[60],"a":[61,114],"fast":[62],"widely":[66],"distributed,":[67],"while":[68],"large-scale":[69],"(L-HPs)":[71],"more":[73],"centralized":[74,115],"with":[75,157],"slow":[76],"dynamics.":[77],"This":[78],"paper":[79],"propose":[80],"an":[81,104],"innovative":[82],"coordinated":[84],"control":[85,99,111,123],"scheme":[86],"primary":[88],"from":[91,160],"S-HPs":[92,101],"L-HPs.":[94],"method":[96],"configures":[97],"based":[102,119],"observed":[105],"homogeneous":[106],"S-HP":[107,127,146],"population":[108],"to":[110],"actions.":[112],"Furthermore,":[113],"optimization":[116],"L-HPs":[118],"model":[121],"predictive":[122],"(MPC),":[124],"balances":[125],"population\u2019s":[128],"response.":[129],"Analysis":[130],"simulation":[132],"results":[133],"evaluates":[134],"compares":[136],"proposed":[138,166],"methodology":[139],"against":[140],"exiting":[141],"methods":[142],"that":[143],"consider":[144],"only":[145],"units.":[147],"Results":[148],"show":[149],"significant":[151],"improvement":[152],"nadir":[156],"support":[159],"through":[164],"method.":[167]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}