{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4210741998","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2022.3147421","title":"A Distributionally Robust Scheme for Critical Component Identification to Bolster Cyber-Physical Resilience of Power Systems","display_name":"A Distributionally Robust Scheme for Critical Component Identification to Bolster Cyber-Physical Resilience of Power Systems","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4210741998","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2022.3147421"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2022.3147421","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2022.3147421","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101782234","display_name":"Zhaoxi Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9201-8106"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43579087","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Milwaukee","ror":"https://ror.org/031q21x57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43579087"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhaoxi Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Wisconsin&#x2013;Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9201-8106","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Wisconsin&#x2013;Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43579087"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100629699","display_name":"Lingfeng Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1658-9860"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43579087","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Milwaukee","ror":"https://ror.org/031q21x57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43579087"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lingfeng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Wisconsin&#x2013;Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1658-9860","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Wisconsin&#x2013;Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43579087"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43579087"],"apc_list":{"value":2195,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2195},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.7347,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":34,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93139968,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"3","first_page":"2344","last_page":"2356"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11941","display_name":"Power System Reliability and Maintenance","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11941","display_name":"Power System Reliability and Maintenance","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11807","display_name":"Infrastructure Resilience and Vulnerability Analysis","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyber-physical-system","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","score":0.7939033508300781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resilience","display_name":"Resilience (materials science)","score":0.6403178572654724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-power-system","display_name":"Electric power system","score":0.6042748689651489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cascading-failure","display_name":"Cascading failure","score":0.5998237133026123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/component","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","score":0.588947057723999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.5787467360496521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/critical-infrastructure","display_name":"Critical infrastructure","score":0.5750194787979126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability-engineering","display_name":"Reliability engineering","score":0.5452181100845337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/criticality","display_name":"Criticality","score":0.5179847478866577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.517444908618927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.4792040288448334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.43005362153053284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.4018145799636841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.35884836316108704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.3129487931728363}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179768478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120057","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","level":2,"score":0.7939033508300781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779585090","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3457762","display_name":"Resilience (materials science)","level":2,"score":0.6403178572654724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.6042748689651489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119323957","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5048226","display_name":"Cascading failure","level":4,"score":0.5998237133026123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168167062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117970","display_name":"Component (thermodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.588947057723999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5787467360496521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29852176","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q373338","display_name":"Critical infrastructure","level":2,"score":0.5750194787979126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.5452181100845337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125611927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17008131","display_name":"Criticality","level":2,"score":0.5179847478866577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.517444908618927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.4792040288448334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.43005362153053284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.4018145799636841},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.35884836316108704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3129487931728363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185544564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81197","display_name":"Nuclear physics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2022.3147421","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2022.3147421","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","score":0.7699999809265137,"display_name":"Climate action"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8444266916","display_name":"Developing Effective Strategies for Enhancing Power System Resiliency in the Presence of Cyber-Physical Attacks","funder_award_id":"1711617","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1832102335","https://openalex.org/W1971121269","https://openalex.org/W1978645044","https://openalex.org/W1989056965","https://openalex.org/W1993759852","https://openalex.org/W2051054517","https://openalex.org/W2056636551","https://openalex.org/W2068774636","https://openalex.org/W2089635373","https://openalex.org/W2089953380","https://openalex.org/W2312682434","https://openalex.org/W2328965127","https://openalex.org/W2342622353","https://openalex.org/W2342927499","https://openalex.org/W2344904475","https://openalex.org/W2413456578","https://openalex.org/W2546441325","https://openalex.org/W2552129899","https://openalex.org/W2553577419","https://openalex.org/W2577296863","https://openalex.org/W2587622726","https://openalex.org/W2604739525","https://openalex.org/W2613791018","https://openalex.org/W2766130346","https://openalex.org/W2789437510","https://openalex.org/W2884291060","https://openalex.org/W2886459090","https://openalex.org/W2909131611","https://openalex.org/W2914397992","https://openalex.org/W2915071447","https://openalex.org/W2921931885","https://openalex.org/W2966773434","https://openalex.org/W2999320329","https://openalex.org/W3083377861","https://openalex.org/W3089711795","https://openalex.org/W3126051561"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2331820428","https://openalex.org/W4308823590","https://openalex.org/W2799491060","https://openalex.org/W3088755425","https://openalex.org/W2965637875","https://openalex.org/W2493741781","https://openalex.org/W2811082449","https://openalex.org/W4286492231","https://openalex.org/W2715935450","https://openalex.org/W2885281956"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,19,36,80,84,94,98,103,106,111,129,135,140,144,156,175,181,192,200,211,229],"increasing":[2],"risks":[3],"of":[4,43,96,105,131,134,139,177,224],"malicious":[5,141,185],"cyber-physical":[6,86,186,234],"attacks":[7,87],"and":[8,40,51,102,164,220],"natural":[9],"disasters,":[10],"it":[11,47],"is":[12,31,48,76,125,152,171],"urged":[13],"for":[14,35,62],"power":[15,44,64,89],"grids":[16],"to":[17,53,78,109,127,154,173,180,190,227],"improve":[18],"resilience":[20,56,113,183,231],"performance":[21],"against":[22,66,114,184,232],"such":[23],"high-impact,":[24],"low-frequency":[25],"events.":[26,68],"The":[27,206],"critical":[28,58,81,213],"component":[29,59,214],"identification":[30,60,146,215],"an":[32],"important":[33],"problem":[34],"effective":[37,219],"planning,":[38],"operation":[39],"asset":[41],"management":[42],"systems.":[45],"Thus,":[46],"highly":[49],"necessary":[50],"beneficial":[52],"develop":[54],"a":[55,72,118,162,168],"oriented":[57],"method":[61,216],"defending":[63],"systems":[65,90],"extreme":[67],"In":[69,188],"this":[70],"paper,":[71],"tri-level":[73],"optimization":[74,121],"model":[75,124,160],"developed":[77,153],"identify":[79],"components":[82,179,226],"while":[83],"coordinated":[85],"on":[88,199],"are":[91],"formulated":[92],"considering":[93],"resources":[95],"attackers,":[97],"optimal":[99],"attack":[100],"strategy,":[101],"actions":[104],"system":[107,112,182,204,225],"operator":[108],"enhance":[110],"potential":[115,233],"attacks.":[116,187],"Meanwhile,":[117],"distributionally":[119],"robust":[120,221],"(DRO)":[122],"based":[123,150],"proposed":[126,172,193,212],"consider":[128],"impacts":[130],"distribution":[132],"uncertainty":[133],"resource":[136],"or":[137],"ability":[138],"attackers":[142],"in":[143],"criticality":[145,169],"framework.":[147],"A":[148],"constraint-generation":[149],"algorithm":[151],"solve":[155],"overall":[157],"multi-level":[158],"DRO":[159],"with":[161],"master":[163],"sub-problem":[165],"scheme.":[166],"Further,":[167],"index":[170],"quantify":[174],"importance":[176,222],"key":[178],"order":[189],"validate":[191],"method,":[194],"case":[195],"studies":[196],"were":[197],"conducted":[198],"IEEE":[201],"reliability":[202],"test":[203],"(RTS-79).":[205],"obtained":[207],"results":[208],"show":[209],"that":[210],"can":[217],"provide":[218],"evaluation":[223],"bolster":[228],"grid":[230],"threats.":[235]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-28T12:50:07.497085","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
