{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4205864460","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2021.3136559","title":"Data-Driven Cyber-Attack Detection for PV Farms via Time-Frequency Domain Features","display_name":"Data-Driven Cyber-Attack Detection for PV Farms via Time-Frequency Domain Features","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4205864460","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2021.3136559"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2021.3136559","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2021.3136559","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1980585","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066128993","display_name":"Lulu Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2285-2469"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I116953780","display_name":"Tongji University","ror":"https://ror.org/03rc6as71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lulu Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Control Science and Engineering and Shanghai Research Institute for Intelligent Autonomous Systems, Tongji University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Control Science and Engineering and Shanghai Research Institute for Intelligent Autonomous Systems, Tongji University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101797938","display_name":"Jinan Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6545-380X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165733156","display_name":"University of Georgia","ror":"https://ror.org/00te3t702","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinan Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intelligent Power Electronics and Electric Machine Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intelligent Power Electronics and Electric Machine Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100447775","display_name":"Jin Ye","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7756-5104"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165733156","display_name":"University of Georgia","ror":"https://ror.org/00te3t702","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jin Ye","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intelligent Power Electronics and Electric Machine Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intelligent Power Electronics and Electric Machine Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022373806","display_name":"Stephen J. Coshatt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2156-1440"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165733156","display_name":"University of Georgia","ror":"https://ror.org/00te3t702","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephen James Coshatt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Cyber-Physical Systems, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Cyber-Physical Systems, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007530002","display_name":"Wen\u2010Zhan Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8174-1772"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165733156","display_name":"University of Georgia","ror":"https://ror.org/00te3t702","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenzhan Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Cyber-Physical Systems, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Cyber-Physical Systems, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165733156"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5066128993"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I116953780"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.7731,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":39,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90600794,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"2","first_page":"1582","last_page":"1597"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13183","display_name":"Islanding Detection in Power Systems","score":0.9934999942779541,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12495","display_name":"Electrostatic Discharge in Electronics","score":0.9911999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phasor","display_name":"Phasor","score":0.7902623414993286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waveform","display_name":"Waveform","score":0.6579261422157288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iec-61850","display_name":"IEC 61850","score":0.5980710387229919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photovoltaic-system","display_name":"Photovoltaic system","score":0.5918791890144348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/testbed","display_name":"Testbed","score":0.5887528657913208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.5028831362724304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.45789581537246704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/time-domain","display_name":"Time domain","score":0.4289363920688629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-domain","display_name":"Frequency domain","score":0.4162834882736206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.39673036336898804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.3772023320198059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.2919533848762512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-power-system","display_name":"Electric power system","score":0.2899712026119232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.24090662598609924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.2004760503768921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automation","display_name":"Automation","score":0.14416438341140747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.10238024592399597}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176605952","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q827674","display_name":"Phasor","level":4,"score":0.7902623414993286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197424946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165717","display_name":"Waveform","level":3,"score":0.6579261422157288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778907243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168160","display_name":"IEC 61850","level":3,"score":0.5980710387229919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41291067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1897785","display_name":"Photovoltaic system","level":2,"score":0.5918791890144348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31395832","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1318674","display_name":"Testbed","level":2,"score":0.5887528657913208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.5028831362724304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.45789581537246704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103824480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185889","display_name":"Time domain","level":2,"score":0.4289363920688629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19118579","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786423","display_name":"Frequency domain","level":2,"score":0.4162834882736206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.39673036336898804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.3772023320198059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.2919533848762512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.2899712026119232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.24090662598609924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.2004760503768921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.14416438341140747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.10238024592399597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2021.3136559","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2021.3136559","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:osti.gov:1980585","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1980585","pdf_url":"https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1980585","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:osti.gov:1980585","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1980585","pdf_url":"https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1980585","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2296916099","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ECCS-1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4316210696","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NSF-ECCS-1946057","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5546901699","display_name":"MRI: Acquisition of a Power-Hardware-in-the-Loop (PHIL) System to Enhance Research and Student Research Training in Engineering and Computer Science","funder_award_id":"1946057","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5921281487","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"number","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5993783759","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EE0009026","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6228991578","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-EE0009026","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6755165505","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"award","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8404585391","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ECCS-1946057","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G848032724","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/01bj3aw27"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337392","display_name":"Division of Electrical, Communications and Cyber Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/01krpsy48"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4205864460.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1892079978","https://openalex.org/W1983638645","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2151370481","https://openalex.org/W2170505850","https://openalex.org/W2282051222","https://openalex.org/W2292014052","https://openalex.org/W2332912277","https://openalex.org/W2342556648","https://openalex.org/W2345765321","https://openalex.org/W2388907722","https://openalex.org/W2469732900","https://openalex.org/W2535143312","https://openalex.org/W2586354408","https://openalex.org/W2613307342","https://openalex.org/W2655712594","https://openalex.org/W2754051771","https://openalex.org/W2767135428","https://openalex.org/W2776530550","https://openalex.org/W2785504727","https://openalex.org/W2801513872","https://openalex.org/W2824125274","https://openalex.org/W2887436536","https://openalex.org/W2889597824","https://openalex.org/W2905619122","https://openalex.org/W2914200181","https://openalex.org/W2918854598","https://openalex.org/W2977226755","https://openalex.org/W2989536672","https://openalex.org/W2991063899","https://openalex.org/W2997542827","https://openalex.org/W3003137894","https://openalex.org/W3005166742","https://openalex.org/W3055578719","https://openalex.org/W3082894964","https://openalex.org/W3083205061","https://openalex.org/W3087958975","https://openalex.org/W3097019287","https://openalex.org/W3097729607","https://openalex.org/W3110753277","https://openalex.org/W3113346630","https://openalex.org/W3126685764","https://openalex.org/W3128000887","https://openalex.org/W3160258528","https://openalex.org/W3163838069","https://openalex.org/W3183710460","https://openalex.org/W3201571347","https://openalex.org/W4293718132","https://openalex.org/W6732899423","https://openalex.org/W6754370196","https://openalex.org/W6764213608"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2060186004","https://openalex.org/W2782295999","https://openalex.org/W2162306796","https://openalex.org/W1970292246","https://openalex.org/W2016162169","https://openalex.org/W4247952185","https://openalex.org/W1895367623","https://openalex.org/W1642462315","https://openalex.org/W2015118744","https://openalex.org/W2005619368"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,147],"internetworking":[1],"of":[2,90,177],"grid-connected":[3],"power":[4],"electronics":[5],"converters":[6],"(PECs)":[7],"in":[8,151],"photovoltaic":[9],"(PV)":[10],"farms":[11,32,92],"has":[12,52,143],"inevitably":[13],"expanded":[14],"the":[15,86,116,128,138,145,170,175],"cyber-attack":[16,25],"surfaces.":[17],"This":[18],"paper":[19],"presents":[20],"a":[21,68,162],"comprehensive":[22],"study":[23],"on":[24],"detection":[26],"and":[27,46,67,111,161],"diagnosis":[28],"for":[29],"PEC-enabled":[30],"PV":[31,91],"via":[33],"single":[34],"waveform":[35,172],"sensor":[36,173],"to":[37,63,74],"distinguish":[38,75],"between":[39],"normal":[40],"conditions,":[41],"open-circuit":[42,76],"faults,":[43,45],"short-circuit":[44,65],"cyber-attacks.":[47],"To":[48],"our":[49],"knowledge,":[50],"this":[51],"not":[53],"been":[54],"attempted":[55],"before.":[56],"Firstly,":[57],"we":[58],"propose":[59],"frequency-domain":[60],"magnitude-based":[61],"residuals":[62],"identify":[64],"faults":[66,77],"time-domain":[69],"mean":[70],"current":[71],"vector-based":[72],"feature":[73],"from":[78,127],"other":[79],"threats.":[80],"These":[81],"features":[82,119],"can":[83,120],"fully":[84],"reflect":[85],"specific":[87],"physical":[88],"characteristics":[89],"during":[93],"threat":[94],"duration.":[95],"Secondly,":[96],"unlike":[97],"micro":[98],"phasor":[99],"measurement":[100],"units":[101],"(":[102],"<inline-formula":[103],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[104],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[105],"<tex-math":[106],"notation=\"LaTeX\">$\\mu":[107],"$":[108],"</tex-math></inline-formula>":[109],"PMU)":[110],"raw":[112],"electric":[113,171],"waveform-based":[114],"methods,":[115],"proposed":[117],"innovative":[118],"address":[121],"novel":[122],"cyber-attacks":[123],"that":[124],"are":[125],"excluded":[126],"training":[129],"process.":[130],"Thirdly,":[131],"an":[132,157],"online":[133],"hardware-in-the-loop":[134],"(HIL)":[135],"testbed":[136],"using":[137,154],"OPAL-RT":[139],"real-time":[140,152],"digital":[141],"simulator":[142],"verified":[144],"effectiveness.":[146],"monitoring":[148],"system":[149],"runs":[150],"while":[153],"HIL":[155],"as":[156,169],"operational":[158],"solar":[159],"farm":[160],"National":[163],"Instruments":[164],"(NI)":[165],"data":[166],"acquisition":[167],"card":[168],"at":[174],"point":[176],"coupling.":[178]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
