{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3212371153","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2021.3128034","title":"Attack Detection in Power Distribution Systems Using a Cyber-Physical Real-Time Reference Model","display_name":"Attack Detection in Power Distribution Systems Using a Cyber-Physical Real-Time Reference Model","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-11-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3212371153","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2021.3128034","mag":"3212371153"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2021.3128034","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2021.3128034","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054613431","display_name":"Mohammed Masum Siraj Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7848-4821"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223532165","display_name":"University of Utah","ror":"https://ror.org/03r0ha626","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohammed Masum Siraj Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7848-4821","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067204254","display_name":"Jairo Giraldo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8666-3619"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223532165","display_name":"University of Utah","ror":"https://ror.org/03r0ha626","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jairo A. Giraldo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8666-3619","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046208390","display_name":"Masood Parvania","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8891-7010"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223532165","display_name":"University of Utah","ror":"https://ror.org/03r0ha626","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Masood Parvania","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8891-7010","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"],"apc_list":{"value":2045,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2045},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.4197,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":62,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93004784,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"2","first_page":"1490","last_page":"1499"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12810","display_name":"Real-time simulation and control systems","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12495","display_name":"Electrostatic Discharge in Electronics","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/testbed","display_name":"Testbed","score":0.7453495264053345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyber-physical-system","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","score":0.7311182022094727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6316914558410645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/residual","display_name":"Residual","score":0.5483986139297485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.5392564535140991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection-system","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","score":0.5328059196472168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-digital-simulator","display_name":"Real Time Digital Simulator","score":0.4986999034881592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kalman-filter","display_name":"Kalman filter","score":0.49201700091362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.4323100745677948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.42190513014793396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-power-system","display_name":"Electric power system","score":0.41731879115104675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3152892589569092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.28405052423477173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.1778636872768402}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31395832","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1318674","display_name":"Testbed","level":2,"score":0.7453495264053345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179768478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120057","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","level":2,"score":0.7311182022094727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6316914558410645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155512373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287450","display_name":"Residual","level":2,"score":0.5483986139297485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.5392564535140991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.5328059196472168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779466677","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7301084","display_name":"Real Time Digital Simulator","level":4,"score":0.4986999034881592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157286648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846780","display_name":"Kalman filter","level":2,"score":0.49201700091362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.4323100745677948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.42190513014793396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.41731879115104675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3152892589569092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.28405052423477173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.1778636872768402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2021.3128034","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2021.3128034","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8500000238418579,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4778039401","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N000141812395","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","funder_display_name":"Office of Naval Research"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","display_name":"Office of Naval Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00rk2pe57"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1993279058","https://openalex.org/W2087423941","https://openalex.org/W2147889003","https://openalex.org/W2189731468","https://openalex.org/W2304769060","https://openalex.org/W2332912277","https://openalex.org/W2525022545","https://openalex.org/W2528550849","https://openalex.org/W2535751405","https://openalex.org/W2563466111","https://openalex.org/W2783301439","https://openalex.org/W2792818654","https://openalex.org/W2799220543","https://openalex.org/W2803355698","https://openalex.org/W2902126042","https://openalex.org/W2913233308","https://openalex.org/W2914608166","https://openalex.org/W2939487178","https://openalex.org/W2976672243","https://openalex.org/W2998298992","https://openalex.org/W3003137894","https://openalex.org/W3004190020","https://openalex.org/W3005058934","https://openalex.org/W3010052560","https://openalex.org/W3023473785","https://openalex.org/W3035474257","https://openalex.org/W3100982980","https://openalex.org/W3112557775","https://openalex.org/W3129701133","https://openalex.org/W3134709860","https://openalex.org/W3210102662"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2962347518","https://openalex.org/W4214499796","https://openalex.org/W2412309208","https://openalex.org/W2366221835","https://openalex.org/W2963832721","https://openalex.org/W4281763533","https://openalex.org/W2536093531","https://openalex.org/W3127782400","https://openalex.org/W4293024011","https://openalex.org/W2886315178"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"develops":[2],"a":[3,14,63,89,94],"novel":[4],"intrusion":[5,34],"detection":[6,35,67,144],"system":[7,36,98],"for":[8,29,124],"power":[9,26,96],"distribution":[10,27,97],"systems":[11],"that":[12,69,110,137,153],"utilizes":[13,70],"cyber-physical":[15],"real-time":[16,59,131],"reference":[17,60,132],"model":[18],"to":[19,76,116],"accurately":[20],"replicate":[21],"the":[22,38,41,58,71,78,111,130,138],"complex":[23],"behavior":[24],"of":[25,40,80,121,127,129],"components":[28],"attack":[30,66,143],"detection.":[31],"The":[32,83,107,134],"proposed":[33,84,112,139],"analyzes":[37],"consistency":[39],"physical":[42],"data":[43],"from":[44,57],"sensor":[45],"readings":[46],"and":[47,103,150],"control":[48],"commands":[49],"in":[50],"contrast":[51],"with":[52,99],"their":[53],"digital":[54],"counterpart":[55],"obtained":[56],"model.":[61,133],"Therefore,":[62],"residual-based":[64,151],"online":[65],"mechanism":[68,85],"chi-square":[72],"test":[73,95],"is":[74,86,114],"able":[75,115],"determine":[77],"presence":[79],"malicious":[81],"data.":[82],"implemented":[87],"on":[88,93],"hardware-in-the-loop":[90],"simulation":[91],"testbed":[92],"distributed":[100],"energy":[101,104],"resources":[102],"storage":[105],"systems.":[106],"results":[108],"show":[109],"solution":[113],"quickly":[117],"detect":[118],"multiple":[119],"types":[120],"cyber":[122],"attacks":[123],"different":[125],"levels":[126],"accuracy":[128],"simulations":[135],"illustrate":[136],"approach":[140],"outperforms":[141],"conventional":[142],"mechanisms":[145],"such":[146],"as":[147],"one-class":[148],"classifiers":[149],"approaches":[152],"utilize":[154],"Kalman":[155],"filters":[156],"or":[157],"neural":[158],"networks.":[159]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-08-28T12:50:07.497085","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
