{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3209381781","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2021.3124465","title":"Peer-to-Peer Energy Trading and Energy Conversion in Interconnected Multi-Energy Microgrids Using Multi-Agent Deep Reinforcement Learning","display_name":"Peer-to-Peer Energy Trading and Energy Conversion in Interconnected Multi-Energy Microgrids Using Multi-Agent Deep Reinforcement Learning","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3209381781","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2021.3124465","mag":"3209381781"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2021.3124465","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2021.3124465","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029770313","display_name":"Tianyi Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6493-1803"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7882870","display_name":"University of Glasgow","ror":"https://ror.org/00vtgdb53","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tianyi Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6493-1803","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062973946","display_name":"Shengrong Bu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3523-8126"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186803428","display_name":"Brock University","ror":"https://ror.org/056am2717","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186803428"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shengrong Bu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering, Brock University, Catharines, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3523-8126","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, Brock University, Catharines, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186803428"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100372152","display_name":"Xue Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5252-3442"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5023651","display_name":"McGill University","ror":"https://ror.org/01pxwe438","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xue Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5252-3442","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021430632","display_name":"Jikun Kang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5023651","display_name":"McGill University","ror":"https://ror.org/01pxwe438","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jikun Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5023651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100420016","display_name":"F. Richard Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1006-7594"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67031392","display_name":"Carleton University","ror":"https://ror.org/02qtvee93","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"F. Richard Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Technology and Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Technology and Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67031392"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063667378","display_name":"Zhu Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6606-5822"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35928602","display_name":"Kyung Hee University","ror":"https://ror.org/01zqcg218","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44461941","display_name":"University of Houston","ror":"https://ror.org/048sx0r50","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]}],"countries":["KR","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhu Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea","Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6606-5822","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35928602"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":12.5091,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":195,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9922988,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"1","first_page":"715","last_page":"727"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.7947384715080261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/peer-to-peer","display_name":"Peer-to-peer","score":0.594886839389801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.5815839171409607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5335336923599243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement","display_name":"Reinforcement","score":0.5148226618766785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-agent-system","display_name":"Multi-agent system","score":0.4896562695503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.3688087463378906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-economics","display_name":"Environmental economics","score":0.33699876070022583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2692805528640747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.20630624890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.14864888787269592}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.7947384715080261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C534932454","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161410","display_name":"Peer-to-peer","level":2,"score":0.594886839389801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.5815839171409607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5335336923599243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67203356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321905","display_name":"Reinforcement","level":2,"score":0.5148226618766785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41550386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q529909","display_name":"Multi-agent system","level":2,"score":0.4896562695503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3688087463378906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134560507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q753291","display_name":"Environmental economics","level":1,"score":0.33699876070022583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2692805528640747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.20630624890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.14864888787269592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2021.3124465","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2021.3124465","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.gla.ac.uk:257983","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210235606","display_name":"ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam)","issn_l":"2622-8912","issn":["2622-8912","2622-8920"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Articles"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dr.library.brocku.ca:10464/15489","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10464/15489","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401333","display_name":"Brock University Digital Repository (Brock University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I186803428","host_organization_name":"Brock University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186803428"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.gla.ac.uk:257983","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210235606","display_name":"ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam)","issn_l":"2622-8912","issn":["2622-8912","2622-8920"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Articles"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5600000023841858,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G31471538","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-2128368","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G400433832","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-2107216","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5975822635","display_name":"Collaborative Research: CNS Core: Medium:  Exploiting New Degrees-of-Freedom in Wireless Networks with Reprogrammable Intelligent Metagratings","funder_award_id":"2107216","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310598","display_name":"Amazon Web Services","ror":"https://ror.org/04mv4n011"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320337","display_name":"University of Glasgow","ror":"https://ror.org/00vtgdb53"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322622","display_name":"Toyota Motor Corporation","ror":"https://ror.org/02zqm6r10"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323140","display_name":"Brock University","ror":"https://ror.org/056am2717"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":60,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W55912154","https://openalex.org/W425177733","https://openalex.org/W1689115168","https://openalex.org/W2012062191","https://openalex.org/W2026080429","https://openalex.org/W2032712062","https://openalex.org/W2032901652","https://openalex.org/W2042704389","https://openalex.org/W2100495367","https://openalex.org/W2145339207","https://openalex.org/W2164278908","https://openalex.org/W2211194997","https://openalex.org/W2221443015","https://openalex.org/W2500697870","https://openalex.org/W2511041404","https://openalex.org/W2613024701","https://openalex.org/W2619984247","https://openalex.org/W2771685959","https://openalex.org/W2786215208","https://openalex.org/W2791029640","https://openalex.org/W2792355516","https://openalex.org/W2795896969","https://openalex.org/W2800648613","https://openalex.org/W2801389981","https://openalex.org/W2809623054","https://openalex.org/W2884722687","https://openalex.org/W2887933324","https://openalex.org/W2889496494","https://openalex.org/W2890184754","https://openalex.org/W2910150373","https://openalex.org/W2913739661","https://openalex.org/W2914561504","https://openalex.org/W2915006191","https://openalex.org/W2915666072","https://openalex.org/W2953014800","https://openalex.org/W2963438165","https://openalex.org/W2965954699","https://openalex.org/W2968869059","https://openalex.org/W2970077368","https://openalex.org/W2974854012","https://openalex.org/W2980533241","https://openalex.org/W2990466689","https://openalex.org/W2996813408","https://openalex.org/W2998563206","https://openalex.org/W2999701499","https://openalex.org/W3002541090","https://openalex.org/W3004315197","https://openalex.org/W3016141087","https://openalex.org/W3049473885","https://openalex.org/W3080812778","https://openalex.org/W3094401630","https://openalex.org/W3103430593","https://openalex.org/W3119773391","https://openalex.org/W3133923776","https://openalex.org/W6602057636","https://openalex.org/W6677067356","https://openalex.org/W6684921986","https://openalex.org/W6704571135","https://openalex.org/W6738796088","https://openalex.org/W6748839928"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4310083477","https://openalex.org/W2328553770","https://openalex.org/W2920061524","https://openalex.org/W1977959518","https://openalex.org/W2038908348","https://openalex.org/W2107890255","https://openalex.org/W2106552856","https://openalex.org/W2145821588","https://openalex.org/W2086122291","https://openalex.org/W1987513656"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"key":[1],"aspect":[2],"of":[3,112,142],"multi-energy":[4],"microgrids":[5],"(MEMGs)":[6],"is":[7,29,95,146],"the":[8,20,43,82,87,102,110,129],"capability":[9],"to":[10,18],"efficiently":[11],"convert":[12],"and":[13,22,49,58,72,107],"store":[14],"energy":[15,27,35,46,51,114],"in":[16],"order":[17],"reduce":[19],"costs":[21],"environmental":[23],"impact.":[24],"Peer-to-peer":[25],"(P2P)":[26],"trading":[28,47,115],"a":[30,75],"novel":[31],"paradigm":[32],"for":[33],"decentralised":[34],"market":[36],"designs.":[37],"In":[38],"this":[39],"paper,":[40],"we":[41],"investigate":[42],"external":[44],"P2P":[45,113],"problem":[48,53],"internal":[50],"conversion":[52],"within":[54],"interconnected":[55],"residential,":[56],"commercial":[57],"industrial":[59],"MEMGs.":[60,118],"These":[61],"two":[62],"problems":[63,67],"are":[64],"complex":[65],"decision-making":[66],"with":[68,86,109,116],"enormous":[69],"high-dimensional":[70,103],"data":[71],"uncertainty,":[73],"so":[74],"multi-agent":[76,83],"deep":[77,90],"reinforcement":[78],"learning":[79],"approach":[80,99,131],"combining":[81],"actor-critic":[84],"algorithm":[85,94],"twin":[88],"delayed":[89],"deterministic":[91],"policy":[92],"gradient":[93],"proposed.":[96],"The":[97,140],"proposed":[98,130],"can":[100],"handle":[101],"continuous":[104],"action":[105],"space":[106],"aligns":[108],"nature":[111],"multiple":[117],"Simulation":[119],"results":[120],"based":[121],"on":[122],"three":[123],"real-world":[124],"MG":[125],"datasets":[126],"show":[127],"that":[128],"significantly":[132],"reduces":[133],"each":[134],"MG\u2019s":[135],"average":[136],"hourly":[137],"operation":[138],"cost.":[139],"impact":[141],"carbon":[143],"tax":[144],"pricing":[145],"also":[147],"considered.":[148]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":54},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":58},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":42},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-22T08:00:12.763002","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
