{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3179114875","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2021.3094878","title":"Distributed Control of DC Microgrids for Optimal Coordination of Conventional and Renewable Generators","display_name":"Distributed Control of DC Microgrids for Optimal Coordination of Conventional and Renewable Generators","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-07-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3179114875","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2021.3094878","mag":"3179114875"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2021.3094878","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2021.3094878","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://vbn.aau.dk/da/publications/61ce3590-70b8-4ccf-a3fb-61dc4684cc4c","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023694275","display_name":"Zhen Fan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6545-9993"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186143895","display_name":"Lehigh University","ror":"https://ror.org/012afjb06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186143895"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhen Fan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Smart Microgrid and Renewable Technology Research Laboratory, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Smart Microgrid and Renewable Technology Research Laboratory, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186143895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100708240","display_name":"Bo Fan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5755-2189"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I891191580","display_name":"Aalborg University","ror":"https://ror.org/04m5j1k67","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I891191580"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bo Fan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Energy (AAU Energy), Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Energy (AAU Energy), Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I891191580"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100637625","display_name":"Wenxin Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7456-7606"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I186143895","display_name":"Lehigh University","ror":"https://ror.org/012afjb06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I186143895"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenxin Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Smart Microgrid and Renewable Technology Research Laboratory, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Smart Microgrid and Renewable Technology Research Laboratory, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186143895"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5023694275"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I186143895"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.7731,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":54,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96643624,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"6","first_page":"4607","last_page":"4615"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12277","display_name":"Frequency Control in Power Systems","score":0.9944999814033508,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.993399977684021,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microgrid","display_name":"Microgrid","score":0.7855195999145508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.6024026870727539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5351029634475708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/renewable-energy","display_name":"Renewable energy","score":0.5059887766838074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convergence","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","score":0.4636342227458954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stability","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","score":0.45264318585395813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lyapunov-function","display_name":"Lyapunov function","score":0.4394160807132721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3895758092403412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-engineering","display_name":"Control engineering","score":0.36692574620246887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.3344130516052246}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776784348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5762595","display_name":"Microgrid","level":3,"score":0.7855195999145508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.6024026870727539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5351029634475708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188573790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12705","display_name":"Renewable energy","level":2,"score":0.5059887766838074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","level":2,"score":0.4636342227458954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.45264318585395813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60640748","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2337858","display_name":"Lyapunov function","level":3,"score":0.4394160807132721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3895758092403412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.36692574620246887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.3344130516052246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158622935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660848","display_name":"Nonlinear system","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2021.3094878","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2021.3094878","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire/61ce3590-70b8-4ccf-a3fb-61dc4684cc4c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://vbn.aau.dk/da/publications/61ce3590-70b8-4ccf-a3fb-61dc4684cc4c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401731","display_name":"VBN Forskningsportal (Aalborg Universitet)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I891191580","host_organization_name":"Aalborg University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I891191580"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Fan, Z, Fan, B & Liu, W 2021, 'Distributed Control of DC Microgrids for Optimal Coordination of Conventional and Renewable Generators', IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 4607-4615. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2021.3094878","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:publications/61ce3590-70b8-4ccf-a3fb-61dc4684cc4c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85112673434&partnerID=8YFLogxK","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401731","display_name":"VBN Forskningsportal (Aalborg Universitet)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I891191580","host_organization_name":"Aalborg University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I891191580"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Fan, Z, Fan, B & Liu, W 2021, 'Distributed Control of DC Microgrids for Optimal Coordination of Conventional and Renewable Generators', IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 4607-4615. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2021.3094878","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire/61ce3590-70b8-4ccf-a3fb-61dc4684cc4c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://vbn.aau.dk/da/publications/61ce3590-70b8-4ccf-a3fb-61dc4684cc4c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401731","display_name":"VBN Forskningsportal (Aalborg Universitet)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I891191580","host_organization_name":"Aalborg University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I891191580"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Fan, Z, Fan, B & Liu, W 2021, 'Distributed Control of DC Microgrids for Optimal Coordination of Conventional and Renewable Generators', IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 4607-4615. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2021.3094878","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8999999761581421,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4021970601","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"N00014-21-1-2175","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","funder_display_name":"Office of Naval Research"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337345","display_name":"Office of Naval Research","ror":"https://ror.org/00rk2pe57"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1516681311","https://openalex.org/W1765000751","https://openalex.org/W1961262502","https://openalex.org/W1963498203","https://openalex.org/W1999578068","https://openalex.org/W2031132939","https://openalex.org/W2051280906","https://openalex.org/W2076835430","https://openalex.org/W2111710646","https://openalex.org/W2318774863","https://openalex.org/W2371336617","https://openalex.org/W2461322900","https://openalex.org/W2602885853","https://openalex.org/W2758032675","https://openalex.org/W2908541415","https://openalex.org/W2908803656","https://openalex.org/W2955695301","https://openalex.org/W2955996682","https://openalex.org/W2962996847","https://openalex.org/W2972590472","https://openalex.org/W2990480169","https://openalex.org/W3007699052","https://openalex.org/W3007891425","https://openalex.org/W3046295369","https://openalex.org/W3094139955","https://openalex.org/W3106669002"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1574359403","https://openalex.org/W2057975886","https://openalex.org/W4308700935","https://openalex.org/W4210780382","https://openalex.org/W2356033827","https://openalex.org/W2391138633","https://openalex.org/W2907234787","https://openalex.org/W4285503559","https://openalex.org/W4206134051","https://openalex.org/W4383747562"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"DC":[0],"microgrids":[1],"are":[2,143],"increasing":[3],"in":[4,98,111],"popularity":[5],"due":[6],"to":[7,39,78],"their":[8,99],"simplicity":[9],"and":[10,14,27,46,57,83,137],"high":[11],"energy":[12,59],"efficiency,":[13],"becoming":[15],"an":[16],"appealing":[17],"solution":[18],"for":[19],"the":[20,41,49,53,58,73,80,95,105,112,119,124,132,135,140,158,161],"coordination":[21,43],"of":[22,44,52,61,68,86,123,127,139,160],"multiple":[23],"conventional":[24],"generators":[25,29],"(CGs)":[26],"renewable":[28],"(RGs).":[30],"This":[31],"article":[32],"presents":[33],"a":[34,151],"distributed":[35],"discrete-time":[36,113],"control":[37,91,107,128,164],"scheme":[38],"achieve":[40],"optimal":[42,163],"CGs":[45,54],"RGs,":[47],"where":[48],"generation":[50],"cost":[51],"is":[55,63,75,109],"minimized":[56],"utilization":[60],"RGs":[62,74],"maximized.":[64],"A":[65],"certain":[66],"degree":[67],"proportional":[69],"load":[70],"sharing":[71],"among":[72],"also":[76],"achieved":[77],"improve":[79],"stability":[81,136],"margin":[82],"dynamic":[84],"performance":[85],"dc":[87,154],"microgrids.":[88],"The":[89],"designed":[90],"algorithm":[92,108],"can":[93,117],"maintain":[94],"bus":[96],"voltages":[97],"safe":[100],"operating":[101],"ranges.":[102],"Besides,":[103],"since":[104],"proposed":[106,162],"developed":[110],"domain":[114],"directly,":[115],"it":[116],"avoid":[118],"possible":[120],"instability":[121],"impact":[122],"digital":[125],"implementation":[126],"algorithms.":[129],"Based":[130],"on":[131,150],"Lyapunov":[133],"analysis,":[134],"convergence":[138],"closed-loop":[141],"system":[142],"analyzed":[144],"rigorously.":[145],"Finally,":[146],"simulation":[147],"results":[148],"based":[149],"detailed":[152],"switch-level":[153],"microgrid":[155],"model":[156],"illustrate":[157],"advantages":[159],"algorithm.":[165]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-01T08:55:55.761014","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}