{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3158826925","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2021.3077696","title":"Real-Time Control of Battery Energy Storage Systems to Provide Ancillary Services Considering Voltage-Dependent Capability of DC-AC Converters","display_name":"Real-Time Control of Battery Energy Storage Systems to Provide Ancillary Services Considering Voltage-Dependent Capability of DC-AC Converters","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-05-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3158826925","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2021.3077696","mag":"3158826925"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2021.3077696","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2021.3077696","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/5165411/9519817/09424196.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/5165411/9519817/09424196.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081453148","display_name":"Zhao Yuan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0471-9066"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5124864","display_name":"\u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne","ror":"https://ror.org/02s376052","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhao Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Distributed Electrical Systems Laboratory, \u00c9cole olytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Distributed Electrical Systems Laboratory, \u00c9cole olytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065625976","display_name":"Antonio Zecchino","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0375-3943"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5124864","display_name":"\u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne","ror":"https://ror.org/02s376052","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Antonio Zecchino","raw_affiliation_strings":["Distributed Electrical Systems Laboratory, \u00c9cole olytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Distributed Electrical Systems Laboratory, \u00c9cole olytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073341137","display_name":"Rachid Cherkaoui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9914-1588"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5124864","display_name":"\u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne","ror":"https://ror.org/02s376052","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rachid Cherkaoui","raw_affiliation_strings":["Distributed Electrical Systems Laboratory, \u00c9cole olytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Distributed Electrical Systems Laboratory, \u00c9cole olytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050504092","display_name":"Mario Paolone","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7073-9036"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5124864","display_name":"\u00c9cole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne","ror":"https://ror.org/02s376052","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799323385","https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mario Paolone","raw_affiliation_strings":["Distributed Electrical Systems Laboratory, \u00c9cole olytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Distributed Electrical Systems Laboratory, \u00c9cole olytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5124864"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5081453148"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5124864"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.6348,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":26,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89721909,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"5","first_page":"4164","last_page":"4175"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Advanced Battery Technologies Research","score":0.9958000183105469,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/setpoint","display_name":"Setpoint","score":0.717059850692749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage-droop","display_name":"Voltage droop","score":0.5548890829086304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5243290066719055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/controller","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","score":0.48871636390686035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-power-system","display_name":"Electric power system","score":0.4762080907821655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optimization-problem","display_name":"Optimization problem","score":0.47003787755966187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.4517884850502014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-control","display_name":"Power control","score":0.4419528841972351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convex-optimization","display_name":"Convex optimization","score":0.4278210997581482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.3969234824180603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.3887972831726074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.3707156181335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-engineering","display_name":"Control engineering","score":0.3334220349788666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.33239126205444336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.28374436497688293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/regular-polygon","display_name":"Regular polygon","score":0.2177472710609436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage-regulator","display_name":"Voltage regulator","score":0.17854654788970947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.11149150133132935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.10376787185668945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.09851062297821045}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12302492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1752097","display_name":"Setpoint","level":2,"score":0.717059850692749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40760162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10920295","display_name":"Voltage droop","level":4,"score":0.5548890829086304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5243290066719055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203479927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","level":2,"score":0.48871636390686035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.4762080907821655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.47003787755966187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.4517884850502014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56685638","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2300474","display_name":"Power control","level":3,"score":0.4419528841972351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157972887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q463359","display_name":"Convex optimization","level":3,"score":0.4278210997581482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.3969234824180603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.3887972831726074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3707156181335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.3334220349788666},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.33239126205444336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.28374436497688293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112680207","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q714886","display_name":"Regular polygon","level":2,"score":0.2177472710609436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110706871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q851210","display_name":"Voltage regulator","level":3,"score":0.17854654788970947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11149150133132935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.10376787185668945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.09851062297821045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2021.3077696","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2021.3077696","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/5165411/9519817/09424196.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:infoscience.epfl.ch:285469","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/285469","pdf_url":"https://infoscience.epfl.ch/record/285469/files/Real-timeControlofBatteryEnergyStorageSystemstoProvideAncillaryServicesConsideringVoltage-DependentCapabilityofDC-ACConverters.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400487","display_name":"Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"research article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2021.3077696","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2021.3077696","pdf_url":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/5165411/9519817/09424196.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8999999761581421,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4956428346","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Horizon 2020 research and innovatio","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5317956557","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020.","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G776759023","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme und","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8006504092","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"773406","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8051717526","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Grant","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8318064016","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Horizon","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3158826925.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3158826925.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1763243278","https://openalex.org/W1994959046","https://openalex.org/W2087717262","https://openalex.org/W2099765752","https://openalex.org/W2100929265","https://openalex.org/W2107843419","https://openalex.org/W2116525489","https://openalex.org/W2118572200","https://openalex.org/W2146531934","https://openalex.org/W2181974685","https://openalex.org/W2261625295","https://openalex.org/W2515036640","https://openalex.org/W2536620281","https://openalex.org/W2549652056","https://openalex.org/W2554434815","https://openalex.org/W2587686993","https://openalex.org/W2595651720","https://openalex.org/W2774076041","https://openalex.org/W2827168003","https://openalex.org/W2887741949","https://openalex.org/W2896233099","https://openalex.org/W2907768662","https://openalex.org/W2962704317","https://openalex.org/W2966307405","https://openalex.org/W2996323006","https://openalex.org/W3048281847","https://openalex.org/W3048465714","https://openalex.org/W3099106193","https://openalex.org/W3143075780","https://openalex.org/W6685711567"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2756132392","https://openalex.org/W3035814349","https://openalex.org/W4285101096","https://openalex.org/W4320477335","https://openalex.org/W2518949622","https://openalex.org/W4382725876","https://openalex.org/W2084892497","https://openalex.org/W2115614142","https://openalex.org/W2275184629","https://openalex.org/W1561889708"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Frequency":[0],"response":[1],"and":[2,17,66,105,123],"voltage":[3],"support":[4],"are":[5,82],"vital":[6],"ancillary":[7,32,54],"services":[8,33],"for":[9,24],"power":[10,35,80,96,111],"grids.":[11,36],"In":[12],"this":[13,158],"paper,":[14],"we":[15],"design":[16],"experimentally":[18],"validate":[19],"a":[20,117,171],"real-time":[21],"control":[22,41,76,88,130],"framework":[23],"battery":[25],"energy":[26],"storage":[27],"systems":[28],"(BESSs)":[29],"to":[30,34,44,52,100,147],"provide":[31,53],"The":[37,78],"objective":[38],"of":[39,49,62,70,74,94,127,157,165,176,185],"the":[40,46,50,58,63,67,75,86,92,95,102,109,128,138,143,148,154,162,166,177,182,186,193],"system":[42],"is":[43,114,132],"utilize":[45],"full":[47],"capability":[48,60,104],"BESSs":[51,71],"services.":[55],"We":[56,135,152,169],"take":[57],"voltage-dependent":[59],"curve":[61],"DC-AC":[64],"converter":[65,103],"security":[68,107],"requirements":[69],"as":[72,116],"constraints":[73],"system.":[77],"initial":[79],"set-points":[81,97,112],"obtained":[83],"based":[84],"on":[85,192],"droop":[87],"approach.":[89],"To":[90],"guarantee":[91],"feasibility":[93],"with":[98],"respect":[99],"both":[101],"BESS":[106,191],"constraints,":[108],"final":[110],"calculation":[113],"formulated":[115],"nonconvex":[118,150],"optimization":[119,141,167],"problem.":[120,151],"A":[121],"convex":[122,140],"computationally":[124],"efficient":[125],"reformulation":[126],"original":[129,149],"problem":[131],"then":[133],"proposed.":[134],"prove":[136],"that":[137],"proposed":[139],"gives":[142],"global":[144],"optimal":[145],"solution":[146],"improve":[153],"computational":[155],"performance":[156],"algorithm":[159],"by":[160],"discretizing":[161],"feasible":[163],"region":[164],"model.":[168],"achieve":[170],"100":[172],"ms":[173],"update":[174],"time":[175],"controller":[178],"setpoint":[179],"computation":[180],"in":[181],"experimental":[183],"validation":[184],"utility-scale":[187],"720":[188],"kVA/560":[189],"kWh":[190],"EPFL":[194],"campus.":[195]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-16T08:26:57.006410","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}