{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3157298661","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2021.3074754","title":"Evaluating the Dispatchable Capacity of Base Station Backup Batteries in Distribution Networks","display_name":"Evaluating the Dispatchable Capacity of Base Station Backup Batteries in Distribution Networks","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-04-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3157298661","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2021.3074754","mag":"3157298661"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2021.3074754","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2021.3074754","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047699538","display_name":"Pei Yong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7969-5604"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Pei Yong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Power Systems, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","International Joint Laboratory on Low Carbon Clean Energy Innovation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7969-5604","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Power Systems, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Joint Laboratory on Low Carbon Clean Energy Innovation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070506875","display_name":"Ning Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0366-4657"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ning Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Power Systems, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","International Joint Laboratory on Low Carbon Clean Energy Innovation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0366-4657","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Power Systems, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Joint Laboratory on Low Carbon Clean Energy Innovation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004002384","display_name":"Qingchun Hou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8334-9897"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qingchun Hou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Power Systems, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","International Joint Laboratory on Low Carbon Clean Energy Innovation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8334-9897","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Power Systems, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Joint Laboratory on Low Carbon Clean Energy Innovation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002499874","display_name":"Yuxiao Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9109-5989"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuxiao Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Power Systems, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","International Joint Laboratory on Low Carbon Clean Energy Innovation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9109-5989","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Power Systems, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Joint Laboratory on Low Carbon Clean Energy Innovation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031045561","display_name":"Fei Teng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6828-0294"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fei Teng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, London, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6828-0294","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, London, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100744119","display_name":"Song Ci","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6535-1974"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Song Ci","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Power Systems, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","International Joint Laboratory on Low Carbon Clean Energy Innovation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6535-1974","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Power Systems, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Joint Laboratory on Low Carbon Clean Energy Innovation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100447205","display_name":"Chongqing Kang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2296-8250"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chongqing Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Power Systems, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","International Joint Laboratory on Low Carbon Clean Energy Innovation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2296-8250","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Power Systems, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"International Joint Laboratory on Low Carbon Clean Energy Innovation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5047699538"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":14.4888,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":116,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99639423,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"5","first_page":"3966","last_page":"3979"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11941","display_name":"Power System Reliability and Maintenance","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11941","display_name":"Power System Reliability and Maintenance","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10454","display_name":"Optimal Power Flow Distribution","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Advanced Battery Technologies Research","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/backup","display_name":"Backup","score":0.970640242099762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dispatchable-generation","display_name":"Dispatchable generation","score":0.9682455062866211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/uninterruptible-power-supply","display_name":"Uninterruptible power supply","score":0.6671950817108154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability-engineering","display_name":"Reliability engineering","score":0.6526455879211426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spare-part","display_name":"Spare part","score":0.6243208050727844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.6086760759353638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.5972560048103333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4667910039424896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.46340441703796387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.4129723608493805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.38315409421920776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-generation","display_name":"Distributed generation","score":0.24490493535995483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.2243112027645111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.08385306596755981}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780945871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194274","display_name":"Backup","level":2,"score":0.970640242099762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85924503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282546","display_name":"Dispatchable generation","level":4,"score":0.9682455062866211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988808934","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207696","display_name":"Uninterruptible power supply","level":3,"score":0.6671950817108154},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.6526455879211426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194648553","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1364774","display_name":"Spare part","level":2,"score":0.6243208050727844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.6086760759353638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.5972560048103333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4667910039424896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.46340441703796387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4129723608493805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.38315409421920776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544738498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q861135","display_name":"Distributed generation","level":3,"score":0.24490493535995483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.2243112027645111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.08385306596755981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188573790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12705","display_name":"Renewable energy","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2021.3074754","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2021.3074754","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.7900000214576721}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3257660839","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020ZD0018","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321494","funder_display_name":"Government of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7315832986","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52061635101","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321494","display_name":"Government of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region","ror":"https://ror.org/0487kvf73"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W570900259","https://openalex.org/W1513400187","https://openalex.org/W1963865502","https://openalex.org/W1974564856","https://openalex.org/W2060755243","https://openalex.org/W2068480220","https://openalex.org/W2081811844","https://openalex.org/W2085979844","https://openalex.org/W2130611630","https://openalex.org/W2132664787","https://openalex.org/W2147584524","https://openalex.org/W2155297377","https://openalex.org/W2165040966","https://openalex.org/W2166529894","https://openalex.org/W2171596692","https://openalex.org/W2807390197","https://openalex.org/W2956144001","https://openalex.org/W2963155200","https://openalex.org/W2969924073","https://openalex.org/W2998052572","https://openalex.org/W3007358632","https://openalex.org/W3011239842","https://openalex.org/W3012519176","https://openalex.org/W3018426194","https://openalex.org/W3023732369","https://openalex.org/W3027768509","https://openalex.org/W3029420341","https://openalex.org/W3044758249","https://openalex.org/W4242003618","https://openalex.org/W4247323064"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2955195711","https://openalex.org/W2907064728","https://openalex.org/W2418139042","https://openalex.org/W4383346280","https://openalex.org/W3108551027","https://openalex.org/W2885239322","https://openalex.org/W2354454611","https://openalex.org/W4388925116","https://openalex.org/W3157298661","https://openalex.org/W4380052253"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Cellular":[0],"base":[1],"stations":[2],"(BSs)":[3],"are":[4],"equipped":[5],"with":[6,117,137],"backup":[7,27,73,104,121,128,168],"batteries":[8,28,74,129,169],"to":[9,39,119],"obtain":[10],"the":[11,18,24,26,40,49,67,71,101,107,111,155,161,167,178],"uninterruptible":[12],"power":[13,19,62,86],"supply":[14,20],"(UPS)":[15],"and":[16,54,78,100,136,164],"maintain":[17],"reliability.":[21],"While":[22],"maintaining":[23],"reliability,":[25],"of":[29,43,70,103,110,126],"5G":[30,44,172],"BSs":[31],"have":[32],"some":[33],"spare":[34,50],"capacity":[35,51,69,125,163],"over":[36],"time":[37],"due":[38],"traffic-sensitive":[41],"characteristic":[42],"BS":[45,72,89,112,127,173],"electricity":[46,174],"load.":[47],"Therefore,":[48],"is":[52,92,115,130,149],"dispatchable":[53,68,124,162],"can":[55,82,158,170],"be":[56,83],"used":[57],"as":[58],"flexibility":[59],"resources":[60],"for":[61],"systems.":[63,87],"This":[64],"paper":[65],"evaluates":[66],"in":[75,85,132],"distribution":[76,97,134],"networks":[77,135],"illustrates":[79],"how":[80],"it":[81],"utilized":[84],"The":[88,123],"reliability":[90,179],"model":[91],"first":[93],"established":[94],"considering":[95],"potential":[96,144],"network":[98],"interruptions":[99],"effects":[102],"batteries.":[105],"Then,":[106],"analytical":[108],"formula":[109],"availability":[113],"index":[114],"derived":[116],"respect":[118],"batteries'":[120],"duration.":[122],"evaluated":[131],"different":[133],"differing":[138],"communication":[139],"load":[140],"levels.":[141],"Furthermore,":[142],"a":[143],"application,":[145],"daily":[146],"operation":[147],"optimization,":[148],"illustrated.":[150],"Case":[151],"studies":[152],"show":[153],"that":[154,165],"proposed":[156],"methodology":[157],"effectively":[159],"evaluate":[160],"dispatching":[166],"reduce":[171],"bills":[175],"while":[176],"satisfying":[177],"requirement.":[180]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":40},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-05-13T08:25:38.343686","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}