{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3135123930","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2021.3070783","title":"A Self-Organizing Multi-Agent System for Distributed Voltage Regulation","display_name":"A Self-Organizing Multi-Agent System for Distributed Voltage Regulation","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-04-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3135123930","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2021.3070783","mag":"3135123930"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2021.3070783","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2021.3070783","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024435818","display_name":"Badr Al Faiya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1441-2770"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181647926","display_name":"University of Strathclyde","ror":"https://ror.org/00n3w3b69","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91450128","display_name":"Jazan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02bjnq803","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91450128"]}],"countries":["GB","SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Badr Al Faiya","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Engineering, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia","University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1441-2770","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Engineering, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91450128"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101446841","display_name":"Dimitrios Athanasiadis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1423-7020"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dimitrios Athanasiadis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Smarter Grid Solutions, Glasgow, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1423-7020","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Smarter Grid Solutions, Glasgow, U.K","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101515009","display_name":"Minjiang Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0814-9139"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Minjiang Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Network and Regulation, SP Energy Networks, Glasgow, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0814-9139","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Network and Regulation, SP Energy Networks, Glasgow, U.K","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114375653","display_name":"S.D.J. McArthur","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1312-8874"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181647926","display_name":"University of Strathclyde","ror":"https://ror.org/00n3w3b69","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephen McArthur","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1312-8874","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052325412","display_name":"Ivana Kockar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9246-1303"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181647926","display_name":"University of Strathclyde","ror":"https://ror.org/00n3w3b69","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ivana Kockar","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, U.K"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9246-1303","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102846218","display_name":"Haowei Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3171-5266"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haowei Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["K&A Engineering Consulting, White Plains, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3171-5266","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"K&A Engineering Consulting, White Plains, NY, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041962459","display_name":"Francisco de Le\u00f3n","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0777-4477"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57206974","display_name":"New York University","ror":"https://ror.org/0190ak572","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francisco de Leon","raw_affiliation_strings":["New York University, Brooklyn, NY, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0777-4477","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"New York University, Brooklyn, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.8678,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":28,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85302993,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"5","first_page":"4102","last_page":"4112"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10454","display_name":"Optimal Power Flow Distribution","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10454","display_name":"Optimal Power Flow Distribution","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/subnetwork","display_name":"Subnetwork","score":0.9001623392105103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6313570737838745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.588413417339325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensitivity","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","score":0.5135791301727295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-generation","display_name":"Distributed generation","score":0.4935835599899292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multi-agent-system","display_name":"Multi-agent system","score":0.45080679655075073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decomposition","display_name":"Decomposition","score":0.446181982755661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.4175170660018921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-topology","display_name":"Network topology","score":0.41625547409057617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-engineering","display_name":"Control engineering","score":0.33247971534729004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.26913386583328247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.258372962474823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.15610453486442566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.12439176440238953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.08532097935676575}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780186347","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11414","display_name":"Subnetwork","level":2,"score":0.9001623392105103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6313570737838745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.588413417339325},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.5135791301727295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544738498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q861135","display_name":"Distributed generation","level":3,"score":0.4935835599899292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41550386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q529909","display_name":"Multi-agent system","level":2,"score":0.45080679655075073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124681953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q339062","display_name":"Decomposition","level":2,"score":0.446181982755661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.4175170660018921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199845137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q145490","display_name":"Network topology","level":2,"score":0.41625547409057617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.33247971534729004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.26913386583328247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.258372962474823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.15610453486442566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.12439176440238953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.08532097935676575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2021.3070783","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2021.3070783","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:strathprints.strath.ac.uk:75748","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/view/author/1073485.html>","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402226","display_name":"Strathprints: The University of Strathclyde institutional repository (University of Strathclyde)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I181647926","host_organization_name":"University of Strathclyde","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2131120725","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/N030028/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7900725097","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/I031650/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311223","display_name":"Jazan University","ror":"https://ror.org/02bjnq803"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W51105495","https://openalex.org/W1865684701","https://openalex.org/W1974281287","https://openalex.org/W1991227220","https://openalex.org/W2001965107","https://openalex.org/W2028579754","https://openalex.org/W2042225379","https://openalex.org/W2071227862","https://openalex.org/W2087279961","https://openalex.org/W2094202909","https://openalex.org/W2101746473","https://openalex.org/W2108713391","https://openalex.org/W2131680865","https://openalex.org/W2131882595","https://openalex.org/W2136700349","https://openalex.org/W2139073438","https://openalex.org/W2144676680","https://openalex.org/W2148708212","https://openalex.org/W2152419552","https://openalex.org/W2156145587","https://openalex.org/W2165738459","https://openalex.org/W2294594199","https://openalex.org/W2345224123","https://openalex.org/W2402711659","https://openalex.org/W2471301783","https://openalex.org/W2506304053","https://openalex.org/W2520762790","https://openalex.org/W2551233363","https://openalex.org/W2593427583","https://openalex.org/W2775359664","https://openalex.org/W2795744870","https://openalex.org/W2799959268","https://openalex.org/W2912944080","https://openalex.org/W3007920434","https://openalex.org/W3036365634","https://openalex.org/W3104146778","https://openalex.org/W4245174566"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2060724872","https://openalex.org/W2028552635","https://openalex.org/W1490949538","https://openalex.org/W1598820299","https://openalex.org/W2079049982","https://openalex.org/W2751205960","https://openalex.org/W3098358002","https://openalex.org/W2292721517","https://openalex.org/W2754830870","https://openalex.org/W2032094590"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,67,81],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"a":[3,17,94,116,119],"distributed":[4,61],"voltage":[5,55,144],"regulation":[6],"method":[7],"based":[8],"on":[9,115],"multi-agent":[10],"system":[11],"control":[12],"and":[13,37,63,69,77,103,127,140,145,157],"network":[14,22,89,101,150],"self-organization":[15],"for":[16],"large":[18],"distribution":[19,123,159],"network.":[20,124],"The":[21,105],"autonomously":[23,49,139],"organizes":[24],"itself":[25],"into":[26,41],"small":[27],"subnetworks":[28,43,137],"through":[29,113],"the":[30,34,45,58,71,74,78,88,108,133,136,143],"epsilon":[31],"decomposition":[32],"of":[33,73,87,107,118,135],"sensitivity":[35],"matrix,":[36],"agents":[38],"group":[39],"themselves":[40],"these":[42],"with":[44,129],"communication":[46],"links":[47],"being":[48],"determined.":[50],"Each":[51],"subnetwork":[52],"controls":[53],"its":[54],"by":[56,90],"locating":[57],"closest":[59],"local":[60],"generation":[62],"optimizing":[64],"their":[65],"outputs.":[66],"simplifies":[68],"reduces":[70],"size":[72],"optimization":[75],"problem":[76],"interaction":[79],"requirements.":[80],"approach":[82,110],"also":[83],"facilitates":[84],"adaptive":[85],"grouping":[86],"self-reorganizing":[91],"to":[92,99,138,146,148],"maintain":[93],"stable":[95],"state":[96],"in":[97],"response":[98],"time-varying":[100],"requirements":[102],"changes.":[104],"effectiveness":[106],"proposed":[109],"is":[111],"validated":[112],"simulations":[114],"model":[117],"real":[120],"heavily-meshed":[121],"secondary":[122],"Simulation":[125],"results":[126],"comparisons":[128],"other":[130],"methods":[131],"demonstrate":[132],"ability":[134],"independently":[141],"regulate":[142],"adapt":[147],"unpredictable":[149],"conditions":[151],"over":[152],"time,":[153],"thereby":[154],"enabling":[155],"autonomous":[156],"flexible":[158],"networks.":[160]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-02T09:51:11.867554","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}