{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3129701133","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2021.3061395","title":"Adversarial Semi-Supervised Learning for Diagnosing Faults and Attacks in Power Grids","display_name":"Adversarial Semi-Supervised Learning for Diagnosing Faults and Attacks in Power Grids","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-02-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3129701133","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2021.3061395","mag":"3129701133"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2021.3061395","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2021.3061395","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005714184","display_name":"Maryam Farajzadeh-Zanjani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8553-7680"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74413500","display_name":"University of Windsor","ror":"https://ror.org/01gw3d370","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74413500"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Maryam Farajzadeh-Zanjani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74413500"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019275492","display_name":"Ehsan Hallaji","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9956-4003"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74413500","display_name":"University of Windsor","ror":"https://ror.org/01gw3d370","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74413500"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ehsan Hallaji","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74413500"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019749887","display_name":"Roozbeh Razavi\u2010Far","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4330-3656"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74413500","display_name":"University of Windsor","ror":"https://ror.org/01gw3d370","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74413500"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roozbeh Razavi-Far","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74413500"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038291093","display_name":"Mehrdad Saif","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7587-4189"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74413500","display_name":"University of Windsor","ror":"https://ror.org/01gw3d370","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74413500"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mehrdad Saif","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74413500"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046208390","display_name":"Masood Parvania","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8891-7010"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I223532165","display_name":"University of Utah","ror":"https://ror.org/03r0ha626","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Masood Parvania","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I223532165"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5005714184"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74413500"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.8379,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":88,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98179765,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"4","first_page":"3468","last_page":"3478"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9936000108718872,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminator","display_name":"Discriminator","score":0.8709597587585449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6642349362373352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generator","display_name":"Generator (circuit theory)","score":0.6455060243606567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6339136362075806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.6165395379066467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supervised-learning","display_name":"Supervised learning","score":0.538112223148346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semi-supervised-learning","display_name":"Semi-supervised learning","score":0.48279130458831787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.46510323882102966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.45936957001686096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-grammar","display_name":"Generative grammar","score":0.443437784910202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.43463635444641113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.4249698221683502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.39860281348228455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.3645022511482239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1686466634273529}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779803651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282088","display_name":"Discriminator","level":3,"score":0.8709597587585449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6642349362373352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780992000","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17016113","display_name":"Generator (circuit theory)","level":3,"score":0.6455060243606567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6339136362075806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.6165395379066467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136389625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334384","display_name":"Supervised learning","level":3,"score":0.538112223148346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58973888","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1041418","display_name":"Semi-supervised learning","level":2,"score":0.48279130458831787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.46510323882102966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.45936957001686096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.443437784910202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.43463635444641113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4249698221683502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.39860281348228455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3645022511482239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1686466634273529},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2021.3061395","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2021.3061395","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:scholar.uwindsor.ca:electricalengpub-1087","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/electricalengpub/88","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400430","display_name":"Scholarship at UWindsor (University of Windsor)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I74413500","host_organization_name":"University of Windsor","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74413500"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Publications","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.699999988079071}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3498739018","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"401226689","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W92894758","https://openalex.org/W830076066","https://openalex.org/W1479807131","https://openalex.org/W1585385982","https://openalex.org/W1932472321","https://openalex.org/W1977555035","https://openalex.org/W1991510770","https://openalex.org/W1997029057","https://openalex.org/W1998565453","https://openalex.org/W2042184006","https://openalex.org/W2099471712","https://openalex.org/W2104290444","https://openalex.org/W2104933073","https://openalex.org/W2107008379","https://openalex.org/W2110798204","https://openalex.org/W2111557120","https://openalex.org/W2145376937","https://openalex.org/W2330605115","https://openalex.org/W2461425060","https://openalex.org/W2478766721","https://openalex.org/W2522610349","https://openalex.org/W2527498474","https://openalex.org/W2767792274","https://openalex.org/W2786918196","https://openalex.org/W2808628700","https://openalex.org/W2811058982","https://openalex.org/W2883055448","https://openalex.org/W2900524312","https://openalex.org/W2900990283","https://openalex.org/W2905802048","https://openalex.org/W2908704107","https://openalex.org/W2925156623","https://openalex.org/W2950431277","https://openalex.org/W2952229419","https://openalex.org/W2955469627","https://openalex.org/W2970749080","https://openalex.org/W2985175868","https://openalex.org/W2997701990","https://openalex.org/W3032524856","https://openalex.org/W3042304889","https://openalex.org/W3044239919","https://openalex.org/W3086737406","https://openalex.org/W3102477513","https://openalex.org/W3121355004","https://openalex.org/W4320013936","https://openalex.org/W6603760306","https://openalex.org/W6623329352","https://openalex.org/W6635184699","https://openalex.org/W6644555907","https://openalex.org/W6675634716","https://openalex.org/W6675747103","https://openalex.org/W6676132248","https://openalex.org/W6676481782","https://openalex.org/W6676834449","https://openalex.org/W7000088805"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4293320219","https://openalex.org/W2953246223","https://openalex.org/W4283584549","https://openalex.org/W2554314924","https://openalex.org/W4288256692","https://openalex.org/W2998859928","https://openalex.org/W4381885966","https://openalex.org/W2969399009","https://openalex.org/W4398186750","https://openalex.org/W3151498616"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,23],"paper":[1],"proposes":[2],"a":[3,57,64,81,146],"novel":[4,24],"adversarial":[5,35],"scheme":[6,25],"for":[7,161,177],"learning":[8,13,52,162],"from":[9],"data":[10],"under":[11,201],"harsh":[12,203],"conditions":[14],"of":[15,30,73,80,96,125,194],"partially":[16],"labelled":[17],"samples":[18,101,110,129,134],"and":[19,43,83,90,112,140,154,163,166,175,180,199],"skewed":[20],"class":[21,100,128],"distributions.":[22],"integrates":[26],"the":[27,31,38,71,74,78,88,94,107,117,122,126,131,192,202],"generative":[28,34],"ability":[29],"state-of-the-art":[32,156],"conditional":[33],"network":[36,42,59],"with":[37,77],"semi-supervised":[39,44,51,75,118,157],"deep":[40,45],"ladder":[41],"auto-encoder.":[46],"The":[47,85,188],"proposed":[48],"generative-adversarial":[49],"based":[50],"framework,":[53],"named":[54],"GBSS,":[55],"is":[56,149],"triple":[58],"that":[60,102],"aims":[61],"to":[62,69,106,120,137],"optimize":[63],"newly":[65,132],"defined":[66],"objective":[67],"function":[68],"enhance":[70],"performance":[72],"learner":[76],"help":[79],"generator":[82,89],"discriminator.":[84],"duel":[86],"between":[87],"discriminator":[91],"results":[92,190],"in":[93,135,151,168,182,196],"generation":[95],"more":[97],"synthetic":[98],"minority":[99,109,127],"are":[103,159,173],"very":[104],"similar":[105],"original":[108],"(attacks":[111],"faults).":[113],"Meanwhile,":[114],"GBSS":[115,153,195],"trains":[116],"model":[119],"learn":[121],"general":[123],"distribution":[124],"including":[130],"generated":[133],"contrast":[136],"other":[138],"classes":[139],"iteratively":[141],"adjusts":[142],"its":[143],"weights.":[144],"Moreover,":[145],"diagnostic":[147],"framework":[148],"designed,":[150],"which":[152],"several":[155],"learners":[158],"used":[160],"diagnosing":[164,178,197],"attacks":[165,179,198],"faults":[167,181,200],"power":[169,185],"grids.":[170],"These":[171],"methods":[172],"evaluated":[174],"compared":[176],"two":[183],"different":[184],"grid":[186],"cases.":[187],"attained":[189],"demonstrate":[191],"superiority":[193],"conditions.":[204]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":14}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
