{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3122780823","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2021.3052998","title":"Two-Stage Volt/Var Control in Active Distribution Networks With Multi-Agent Deep Reinforcement Learning Method","display_name":"Two-Stage Volt/Var Control in Active Distribution Networks With Multi-Agent Deep Reinforcement Learning Method","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3122780823","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2021.3052998","mag":"3122780823"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2021.3052998","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2021.3052998","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086771045","display_name":"Xianzhuo Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0473-5659"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129604602","display_name":"The University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xianzhuo Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040046000","display_name":"Jing Qiu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8507-0558"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I129604602","display_name":"The University of Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/0384j8v12","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jing Qiu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8507-0558","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I129604602"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":18.5709,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":274,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99815688,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"4","first_page":"2903","last_page":"2912"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10454","display_name":"Optimal Power Flow Distribution","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.7691384553909302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tap-changer","display_name":"Tap changer","score":0.6778371334075928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ac-power","display_name":"AC power","score":0.610359787940979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.5723236799240112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.5283599495887756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5000896453857422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/capacitor","display_name":"Capacitor","score":0.45837995409965515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.4321378171443939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optimal-control","display_name":"Optimal control","score":0.41846251487731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/renewable-energy","display_name":"Renewable energy","score":0.41264480352401733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optimization-problem","display_name":"Optimization problem","score":0.41234180331230164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.36837178468704224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.23320427536964417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2134140133857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1338742971420288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.1225951611995697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.10820135474205017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.08084189891815186}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.7691384553909302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122940293","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1755966","display_name":"Tap changer","level":4,"score":0.6778371334075928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108755667","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1930258","display_name":"AC power","level":3,"score":0.610359787940979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.5723236799240112},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.5283599495887756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5000896453857422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52192207","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5322","display_name":"Capacitor","level":3,"score":0.45837995409965515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.4321378171443939},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91575142","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1971426","display_name":"Optimal control","level":2,"score":0.41846251487731934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188573790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12705","display_name":"Renewable energy","level":2,"score":0.41264480352401733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.41234180331230164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.36837178468704224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.23320427536964417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2134140133857727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1338742971420288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.1225951611995697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.10820135474205017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.08084189891815186}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2021.3052998","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2021.3052998","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8799999952316284}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2049316737","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"91746118","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1963185969","https://openalex.org/W1975906994","https://openalex.org/W1979244036","https://openalex.org/W2002154164","https://openalex.org/W2011150768","https://openalex.org/W2011393317","https://openalex.org/W2013287596","https://openalex.org/W2032808450","https://openalex.org/W2087279961","https://openalex.org/W2092710777","https://openalex.org/W2104093457","https://openalex.org/W2132829140","https://openalex.org/W2401391162","https://openalex.org/W2470580329","https://openalex.org/W2524744384","https://openalex.org/W2583072879","https://openalex.org/W2591980212","https://openalex.org/W2593427583","https://openalex.org/W2596190999","https://openalex.org/W2607880850","https://openalex.org/W2624981577","https://openalex.org/W2782190985","https://openalex.org/W2883076328","https://openalex.org/W2883647357","https://openalex.org/W2913831476","https://openalex.org/W2963864421","https://openalex.org/W2984338059","https://openalex.org/W2990466689","https://openalex.org/W2990763687","https://openalex.org/W2991859550","https://openalex.org/W2996852892","https://openalex.org/W3016983759","https://openalex.org/W3020785977","https://openalex.org/W3035404531","https://openalex.org/W3045961302","https://openalex.org/W3093637890","https://openalex.org/W3104243370","https://openalex.org/W4299802797","https://openalex.org/W6684921986","https://openalex.org/W6738796088"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4396855483","https://openalex.org/W3216587261","https://openalex.org/W2900475878","https://openalex.org/W2110053424","https://openalex.org/W2348306217","https://openalex.org/W2142332339","https://openalex.org/W1572390703","https://openalex.org/W2783368512","https://openalex.org/W2061493652","https://openalex.org/W2047206873"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,69,113,169],"high":[1],"penetration":[2],"of":[3,93,149,154],"intermittent":[4],"renewable":[5],"energy":[6],"resources":[7],"in":[8,14,189],"active":[9],"distribution":[10,178],"networks":[11],"(ADN)":[12],"results":[13,183],"a":[15,27,75,122],"great":[16],"challenge":[17],"for":[18],"the":[19,43,48,64,87,90,106,142,147,150,152,155,165,175,185],"conventional":[20],"Volt-Var":[21],"control":[22,108,187],"(VVC).":[23],"This":[24],"article":[25],"proposes":[26],"two-stage":[28],"deep":[29,124],"reinforcement":[30],"learning":[31],"(DRL)-based":[32],"real-time":[33,114],"VVC":[34,115],"method":[35],"to":[36,99,145,158],"mitigate":[37,100],"fast":[38,101],"voltage":[39,102,166,191],"violation":[40],"while":[41],"minimizing":[42],"network":[44,144],"power":[45,66,92],"loss.":[46],"In":[47,86],"first":[49],"stage,":[50,89],"on-load":[51],"tap":[52],"changer":[53],"(OLTC)":[54],"and":[55,110,119,135,180],"capacitor":[56],"banks":[57],"(CBs)":[58],"are":[59],"dispatched":[60],"hourly":[61],"based":[62,104,163],"on":[63,105,164,174],"optimal":[65],"flow":[67],"method.":[68,168],"optimization":[70],"problem":[71,116],"is":[72,96,117,160,172],"formulated":[73,118],"as":[74],"mixed-integer":[76],"second-order":[77],"cone":[78],"programming":[79],"(MISOCP)":[80],"which":[81,130],"can":[82],"be":[83],"effectively":[84],"solved.":[85],"second":[88],"reactive":[91],"photovoltaics":[94],"(PVs)":[95],"regulated":[97],"dynamically":[98],"fluctuation":[103],"well-learned":[107],"strategy":[109],"local":[111],"measurements.":[112],"solved":[120],"using":[121,141],"multi-agent":[123],"deterministic":[125],"policy":[126],"gradient":[127,153],"(MADDPG)":[128],"method,":[129],"features":[131],"offline":[132],"centralized":[133],"training":[134],"online":[136],"decentralized":[137],"application.":[138],"Rather":[139],"than":[140],"critic":[143],"evaluate":[146],"output":[148],"actor-network,":[151],"action-value":[156],"function":[157],"action":[159],"derived":[161],"analytically":[162],"sensitivity":[167],"proposed":[170],"approach":[171],"tested":[173],"IEEE":[176],"33-bus":[177],"system":[179],"comparative":[181],"simulation":[182],"show":[184],"enhanced":[186],"effect":[188],"mitigating":[190],"violations.":[192]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":71},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":66},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":52},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":36},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":17}],"updated_date":"2026-08-05T07:39:15.569665","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}