{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3045903486","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2020.3012549","title":"Primary Frequency Control in Isolated Microgrids Using Thermostatically Controllable Loads","display_name":"Primary Frequency Control in Isolated Microgrids Using Thermostatically Controllable Loads","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-07-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3045903486","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2020.3012549","mag":"3045903486"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2020.3012549","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2020.3012549","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025080088","display_name":"William Mendieta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1413-4299"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100930933","display_name":"University College Dublin","ror":"https://ror.org/05m7pjf47","country_code":"IE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"]}],"countries":["IE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William Mendieta","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1413-4299","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100930933"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023775699","display_name":"Claudio A. Ca\u00f1izares","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1458-2569"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Claudio A. Canizares","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1458-2569","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.4893,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":102,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98245817,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"1","first_page":"93","last_page":"105"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12277","display_name":"Frequency Control in Power Systems","score":0.9950000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automatic-frequency-control","display_name":"Automatic frequency control","score":0.653342068195343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microgrid","display_name":"Microgrid","score":0.6209666728973389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/renewable-energy","display_name":"Renewable energy","score":0.5226426124572754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-power-system","display_name":"Electric power system","score":0.5057938098907471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-grid","display_name":"Smart grid","score":0.47987309098243713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demand-response","display_name":"Demand response","score":0.4589177072048187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-regulation","display_name":"Frequency regulation","score":0.44622722268104553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-engineering","display_name":"Automotive engineering","score":0.44054165482521057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-generation","display_name":"Distributed generation","score":0.4251154661178589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.42242366075515747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.419333279132843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3891354501247406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-engineering","display_name":"Control engineering","score":0.3394586443901062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability-engineering","display_name":"Reliability engineering","score":0.3314814567565918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.24236950278282166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electricity","display_name":"Electricity","score":0.22991493344306946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.1885787844657898}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25915539","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220786","display_name":"Automatic frequency control","level":2,"score":0.653342068195343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776784348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5762595","display_name":"Microgrid","level":3,"score":0.6209666728973389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188573790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12705","display_name":"Renewable energy","level":2,"score":0.5226426124572754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.5057938098907471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10558101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855","display_name":"Smart grid","level":2,"score":0.47987309098243713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779438525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5255048","display_name":"Demand response","level":3,"score":0.4589177072048187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983304839","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1747997","display_name":"Frequency regulation","level":4,"score":0.44622722268104553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.44054165482521057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544738498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q861135","display_name":"Distributed generation","level":3,"score":0.4251154661178589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.42242366075515747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.419333279132843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3891354501247406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.3394586443901062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.3314814567565918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.24236950278282166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206658404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12725","display_name":"Electricity","level":2,"score":0.22991493344306946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.1885787844657898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2020.3012549","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2020.3012549","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.5299999713897705,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W291974416","https://openalex.org/W1898170596","https://openalex.org/W1984368917","https://openalex.org/W1994554025","https://openalex.org/W1995369359","https://openalex.org/W1996291932","https://openalex.org/W2004651588","https://openalex.org/W2027037246","https://openalex.org/W2035818407","https://openalex.org/W2045335378","https://openalex.org/W2046793063","https://openalex.org/W2049425685","https://openalex.org/W2055002961","https://openalex.org/W2067875747","https://openalex.org/W2070704679","https://openalex.org/W2095182711","https://openalex.org/W2106125073","https://openalex.org/W2122032342","https://openalex.org/W2130953666","https://openalex.org/W2145980257","https://openalex.org/W2158706071","https://openalex.org/W2164961065","https://openalex.org/W2288438082","https://openalex.org/W2482961178","https://openalex.org/W2526981415","https://openalex.org/W2531607552","https://openalex.org/W2592597082","https://openalex.org/W2749309504","https://openalex.org/W2790818189","https://openalex.org/W2803740974","https://openalex.org/W2969666213","https://openalex.org/W2979473452","https://openalex.org/W6649313407","https://openalex.org/W6695988913","https://openalex.org/W6767149543","https://openalex.org/W7071213283"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2355150740","https://openalex.org/W1570369983","https://openalex.org/W2051053503","https://openalex.org/W2906602677","https://openalex.org/W3112588909","https://openalex.org/W1993958856","https://openalex.org/W2076021085","https://openalex.org/W3006223230","https://openalex.org/W2386414721","https://openalex.org/W2061539888"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Hybrid":[0],"renewable":[1],"energy":[2],"sources":[3],"(RES)-diesel":[4],"systems":[5],"are":[6,84,152],"now":[7],"being":[8],"considered":[9],"as":[10,39],"an":[11,123],"economic,":[12],"attractive":[13],"and":[14,34,60,78,112,119,130,160,166,174],"clean":[15],"option":[16],"for":[17,136,141,154,179],"remote":[18],"isolated":[19,147],"microgrids,":[20],"to":[21,54,87,128,158,184],"offset":[22],"diesel":[23],"consumption":[24,97],"by":[25],"displacing":[26],"generation":[27],"from":[28],"conventional":[29],"units;":[30],"however,":[31],"system":[32,163],"security":[33],"stability":[35],"is":[36],"a":[37,91,132,155],"challenge":[38],"the":[40,62,162,168,171],"penetration":[41,63],"of":[42,64,117,126,170],"RES":[43,187],"increases.":[44],"In":[45],"this":[46,106],"context,":[47],"Demand":[48],"Response":[49],"(DR)":[50],"can":[51,98],"be":[52,99],"used":[53],"increase":[55],"grid":[56],"flexibility,":[57],"improve":[58,131],"efficiency,":[59],"facilitate":[61,185],"RES.":[65],"Thermostatically":[66],"controllable":[67],"loads":[68],"(TCLs),":[69],"i.e.,":[70],"electric":[71],"water":[72],"heaters":[73],"(EWHs),":[74],"air":[75],"conditioners":[76],"(ACs),":[77],"ground":[79],"source":[80],"heat":[81],"pumps":[82],"(GSHPs),":[83],"ideal":[85],"candidates":[86],"participate":[88],"in":[89,145],"such":[90],"DR":[92,134],"strategy,":[93],"since":[94],"their":[95,177],"power":[96],"controlled":[100],"without":[101],"affecting":[102],"consumer":[103],"comfort.":[104],"Therefore,":[105],"paper":[107],"presents":[108],"novel,":[109],"computationally":[110],"efficient,":[111],"adequate":[113],"thermo-electrical":[114],"dynamic":[115],"models":[116],"ACs":[118],"GSHPs,":[120],"along":[121],"with":[122],"existing":[124],"model":[125],"EWHs,":[127],"adapt":[129],"decentralized":[133],"strategy":[135],"Direct":[137],"Load":[138],"Control":[139],"(DLC)":[140],"primary":[142,180],"frequency":[143,164,181],"regulation":[144],"hybrid":[146],"microgrids.":[148],"Different":[149],"cases":[150],"studies":[151],"presented":[153],"real":[156],"microgrid":[157],"analyze":[159],"compare":[161],"response":[165],"determine":[167],"adequacy":[169],"proposed":[172],"approach":[173],"models,":[175],"demonstrating":[176],"effectiveness":[178],"control":[182],"provision":[183],"higher":[186],"penetrations.":[188]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}