{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3042601164","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2020.3009989","title":"Robust Hierarchical Control Mechanism for Aggregated Thermostatically Controlled Loads","display_name":"Robust Hierarchical Control Mechanism for Aggregated Thermostatically Controlled Loads","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-07-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3042601164","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2020.3009989","mag":"3042601164"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2020.3009989","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2020.3009989","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101401321","display_name":"Xun Gong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9073-1410"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106938459","display_name":"University of New Brunswick","ror":"https://ror.org/05nkf0n29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106938459"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xun Gong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106938459"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036789408","display_name":"Eduardo Castillo-Guerra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9227-621X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106938459","display_name":"University of New Brunswick","ror":"https://ror.org/05nkf0n29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106938459"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eduardo Castillo-Guerra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106938459"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048345535","display_name":"Juli\u00e1n C\u00e1rdenas-Barrera","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3674-3995"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106938459","display_name":"University of New Brunswick","ror":"https://ror.org/05nkf0n29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106938459"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Julian L. Cardenas-Barrera","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106938459"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044914185","display_name":"Bo Cao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2552-1051"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106938459","display_name":"University of New Brunswick","ror":"https://ror.org/05nkf0n29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106938459"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bo Cao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106938459"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029873978","display_name":"S. A. Saleh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5599-938X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106938459","display_name":"University of New Brunswick","ror":"https://ror.org/05nkf0n29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106938459"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saleh A. Saleh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106938459"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020954276","display_name":"Liuchen Chang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6803-3891"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I106938459","display_name":"University of New Brunswick","ror":"https://ror.org/05nkf0n29","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I106938459"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liuchen Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106938459"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101401321"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I106938459"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.2234,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":70,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92541451,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"1","first_page":"453","last_page":"467"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.9975000023841858,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.993399977684021,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/news-aggregator","display_name":"News aggregator","score":0.7317839860916138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.49661165475845337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking-error","display_name":"Tracking error","score":0.4695758521556854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4579959511756897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demand-response","display_name":"Demand response","score":0.45666012167930603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-power-plant","display_name":"Virtual power plant","score":0.4444971978664398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electricity","display_name":"Electricity","score":0.43935078382492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.40326687693595886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.3910171091556549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-engineering","display_name":"Control engineering","score":0.3486366868019104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3348202705383301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-generation","display_name":"Distributed generation","score":0.25872763991355896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.15354815125465393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/renewable-energy","display_name":"Renewable energy","score":0.14581811428070068}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180505990","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q498267","display_name":"News aggregator","level":2,"score":0.7317839860916138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.49661165475845337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183356978","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779213","display_name":"Tracking error","level":3,"score":0.4695758521556854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4579959511756897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779438525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5255048","display_name":"Demand response","level":3,"score":0.45666012167930603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776033628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q785102","display_name":"Virtual power plant","level":4,"score":0.4444971978664398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206658404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12725","display_name":"Electricity","level":2,"score":0.43935078382492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.40326687693595886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.3910171091556549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.3486366868019104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3348202705383301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544738498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q861135","display_name":"Distributed generation","level":3,"score":0.25872763991355896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.15354815125465393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188573790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12705","display_name":"Renewable energy","level":2,"score":0.14581811428070068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2020.3009989","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2020.3009989","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.6200000047683716,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3122374054","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CRDPJ-537347-18","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4334515721","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CRDPJ-484232-15","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W631930523","https://openalex.org/W653964276","https://openalex.org/W1573173453","https://openalex.org/W1971421510","https://openalex.org/W1976698613","https://openalex.org/W2019375098","https://openalex.org/W2044437132","https://openalex.org/W2059049926","https://openalex.org/W2066451448","https://openalex.org/W2069263165","https://openalex.org/W2080048739","https://openalex.org/W2110667918","https://openalex.org/W2117497291","https://openalex.org/W2174209625","https://openalex.org/W2227522135","https://openalex.org/W2247506721","https://openalex.org/W2277948250","https://openalex.org/W2327685928","https://openalex.org/W2340152469","https://openalex.org/W2343892326","https://openalex.org/W2344540314","https://openalex.org/W2344805072","https://openalex.org/W2510917184","https://openalex.org/W2514279232","https://openalex.org/W2517008700","https://openalex.org/W2540194391","https://openalex.org/W2541091099","https://openalex.org/W2548414206","https://openalex.org/W2549604351","https://openalex.org/W2742133219","https://openalex.org/W2781531517","https://openalex.org/W2793192897","https://openalex.org/W2799432843","https://openalex.org/W2888812744","https://openalex.org/W2963426621","https://openalex.org/W2972887925","https://openalex.org/W2998086260","https://openalex.org/W3103957489","https://openalex.org/W4236158019","https://openalex.org/W6726524811"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3046697705","https://openalex.org/W3093688972","https://openalex.org/W4226431440","https://openalex.org/W2120885393","https://openalex.org/W3131627313","https://openalex.org/W3012323502","https://openalex.org/W2939108172","https://openalex.org/W4214604859","https://openalex.org/W2784220452","https://openalex.org/W2906194504"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Thermostatically":[0],"controlled":[1],"loads":[2],"(TCLs)":[3],"are":[4,33],"good":[5],"candidates":[6],"for":[7],"direct":[8],"load":[9],"control":[10,100,107,119,145],"(DLC).":[11],"They":[12],"can":[13],"be":[14],"aggregated":[15,199],"to":[16,48,67,77,102,196],"join":[17],"the":[18,49,68,91,114,118,128,132,158,171,193,198,206],"electricity":[19],"market":[20],"through":[21],"a":[22,81,97,123,137,165,174],"centralized":[23],"management":[24],"performed":[25],"by":[26,170],"virtual":[27],"power":[28,133,154,168],"plant":[29],"(VPP).":[30],"However,":[31],"there":[32],"two":[34,112],"main":[35],"concerns":[36],"that":[37,192,204],"arise":[38],"when":[39],"TCLs":[40,59,95,200],"participate":[41],"in":[42,60,164],"DLC.":[43],"The":[44,64,106,144,188],"first":[45],"is":[46,109],"related":[47],"dispatchability":[50,207],"of":[51,57,71,84,208],"VPP":[52],"against":[53],"normal":[54],"energy":[55],"demand":[56],"individual":[58],"uncertain":[61,185],"time-variant":[62,186],"environments.":[63,187],"second":[65],"refers":[66],"tremendous":[69],"increase":[70],"communication":[72],"and":[73,94,127],"computational":[74],"requirements":[75],"needed":[76],"perform":[78],"DLC":[79,92],"on":[80],"large":[82],"population":[83],"TCLs.":[85],"This":[86],"paper":[87],"introduces":[88],"aggregators":[89,194],"between":[90,180],"controller":[93],"with":[96,111,122,136,173],"novel":[98,138],"robust":[99,166],"mechanism":[101,108],"reconcile":[103],"these":[104],"concerns.":[105],"implemented":[110],"layers:":[113],"upper":[115],"layer":[116,130],"suppresses":[117],"payback":[120,139],"effect":[121],"quadratic":[124],"optimization":[125],"model,":[126],"lower":[129],"addresses":[131],"trajectory":[134],"tracking":[135,140,169],"error":[141,179],"model":[142],"(PTEM).":[143],"method":[146],"needs":[147],"minimum":[148],"sensing":[149],"infrastructure":[150],"since":[151],"it":[152],"requires":[153],"data":[155],"only":[156],"at":[157],"aggregation":[159],"level.":[160],"Our":[161],"simulations":[162],"resulted":[163],"reference":[167],"aggregator":[172],"percentage":[175],"root":[176],"mean":[177],"squared":[178],"3.33%":[181],"-":[182],"5.69%":[183],"under":[184],"continuous":[189],"responsiveness":[190],"indicates":[191],"manage":[195],"convert":[197],"into":[201],"\u201cmanageable":[202],"resources\u201d":[203],"ensure":[205],"VPP.":[209]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}