{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2987775637","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2019.2953154","title":"Optimal Voltage Reference for Droop-Based DERs in Distribution Systems","display_name":"Optimal Voltage Reference for Droop-Based DERs in Distribution Systems","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-11-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2987775637","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2019.2953154","mag":"2987775637"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2019.2953154","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2019.2953154","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1632821","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025590624","display_name":"Tianqi Hong","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1307-6808"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1282105669","display_name":"Argonne National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/05gvnxz63","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1282105669","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I39565521","https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tianqi Hong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Energy Systems Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1307-6808","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Energy Systems Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1282105669"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057667244","display_name":"Dongbo Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4401-5792"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1282105669","display_name":"Argonne National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/05gvnxz63","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1282105669","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I39565521","https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dongbo Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Energy Systems Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4401-5792","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Energy Systems Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1282105669"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100341419","display_name":"Yichen Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6925-0775"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1282105669","display_name":"Argonne National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/05gvnxz63","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1282105669","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I39565521","https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yichen Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Energy Systems Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6925-0775","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Energy Systems Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1282105669"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047554651","display_name":"Bai Cui","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3137-0114"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1297288678","display_name":"National Laboratory of the Rockies","ror":"https://ror.org/036266993","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1297288678","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I2800842121"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bai Cui","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3137-0114","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1297288678"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102937498","display_name":"Yuting Tian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9851-0601"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1282105669","display_name":"Argonne National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/05gvnxz63","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1282105669","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I39565521","https://openalex.org/I40347166"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuting Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Energy Systems Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9851-0601","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Energy Systems Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1282105669"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.1676,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79564379,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"3","first_page":"2357","last_page":"2366"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10454","display_name":"Optimal Power Flow Distribution","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10454","display_name":"Optimal Power Flow Distribution","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage-droop","display_name":"Voltage droop","score":0.9160429239273071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-generation","display_name":"Distributed generation","score":0.6104130744934082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.5806170105934143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.5366178750991821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5105867981910706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.4888707995414734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristic","display_name":"Heuristic","score":0.48175883293151855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matlab","display_name":"MATLAB","score":0.46773654222488403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-grid","display_name":"Smart grid","score":0.4535350799560547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.41276130080223083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.36337438225746155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage-regulator","display_name":"Voltage regulator","score":0.2862994074821472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.23523584008216858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.12352919578552246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/renewable-energy","display_name":"Renewable energy","score":0.0932302176952362}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40760162","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10920295","display_name":"Voltage droop","level":4,"score":0.9160429239273071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544738498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q861135","display_name":"Distributed generation","level":3,"score":0.6104130744934082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.5806170105934143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.5366178750991821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5105867981910706},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.4888707995414734},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173801870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201413","display_name":"Heuristic","level":2,"score":0.48175883293151855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780365114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169478","display_name":"MATLAB","level":2,"score":0.46773654222488403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10558101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855","display_name":"Smart grid","level":2,"score":0.4535350799560547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.41276130080223083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.36337438225746155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110706871","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q851210","display_name":"Voltage regulator","level":3,"score":0.2862994074821472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.23523584008216858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.12352919578552246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188573790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12705","display_name":"Renewable energy","level":2,"score":0.0932302176952362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2019.2953154","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2019.2953154","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:osti.gov:1632821","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1632821","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:osti.gov:1632821","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1632821","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8799999952316284,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/01bj3aw27"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1763243278","https://openalex.org/W1988252428","https://openalex.org/W1996730948","https://openalex.org/W2036360413","https://openalex.org/W2051489666","https://openalex.org/W2058937311","https://openalex.org/W2066983015","https://openalex.org/W2076550669","https://openalex.org/W2101836934","https://openalex.org/W2132829140","https://openalex.org/W2168747298","https://openalex.org/W2334439829","https://openalex.org/W2334715604","https://openalex.org/W2545155684","https://openalex.org/W2620296980","https://openalex.org/W2800605884","https://openalex.org/W2809046200","https://openalex.org/W2890554903","https://openalex.org/W2963423103","https://openalex.org/W4251818744"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2523432015","https://openalex.org/W2765340260","https://openalex.org/W2153130273","https://openalex.org/W3023710910","https://openalex.org/W2076823813","https://openalex.org/W3008686614","https://openalex.org/W2143080380","https://openalex.org/W3095853931","https://openalex.org/W2593427583","https://openalex.org/W2136076430"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Due":[0],"to":[1,41,116],"the":[2,11,24,29,35,43,47,51,67,75,79,99,109,118,125,131,134,139,144,154,163,173],"newly":[3],"issued":[4],"standards":[5],"on":[6,143],"distributed":[7],"energy":[8],"resources":[9],"(DERs),":[10],"droop-based":[12,68],"operation":[13],"modes":[14],"(Q-V":[15],"and":[16,96,101,108],"P-V":[17],"droops)":[18],"become":[19],"a":[20,58,88],"requirement":[21],"for":[22,61],"all":[23],"interconnected":[25],"DER":[26,36,69],"units":[27,37,70],"at":[28],"distribution":[30,48,72],"level.":[31],"Voltage":[32],"references":[33],"of":[34,46,66,77,133,162,172],"can":[38,150],"be":[39,151],"assigned":[40],"improve":[42],"operational":[44],"behavior":[45],"system":[49,80,107,112,148],"in":[50,71,94],"smart":[52],"grid":[53],"context.":[54],"This":[55,83],"paper":[56],"presents":[57],"novel":[59],"formulation":[60,127,165],"optimally":[62],"setting":[63],"voltage":[64,156],"reference":[65,157],"systems":[73],"with":[74,130],"objective":[76],"minimizing":[78],"ohmic":[81],"loss.":[82],"problem":[84,93,136],"is":[85,128,166],"formulated":[86],"as":[87],"mixed-integer":[89],"quadratic":[90],"convex":[91],"optimization":[92],"MATLAB":[95,100],"solved":[97,137],"by":[98,138],"CPLEX":[102],"solvers.":[103],"The":[104,121,159],"IEEE":[105],"123-bus":[106],"EPRI":[110],"test":[111],"Ckt5":[113],"are":[114],"used":[115],"validate":[117],"proposed":[119,126,155],"formulation.":[120],"result":[122,132],"obtained":[123],"from":[124],"compared":[129],"original":[135],"heuristic":[140,174],"method.":[141],"Based":[142],"numerical":[145],"study":[146],"results,":[147],"loss":[149],"reduced":[152],"after":[153],"assignment.":[158],"computational":[160],"expense":[161],"new":[164],"also":[167],"much":[168],"lower":[169],"than":[170],"that":[171],"approach.":[175]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
