{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2963723202","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2019.2930299","title":"Intelligent Multi-Microgrid Energy Management Based on Deep Neural Network and Model-Free Reinforcement Learning","display_name":"Intelligent Multi-Microgrid Energy Management Based on Deep Neural Network and Model-Free Reinforcement Learning","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-07-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2963723202","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2019.2930299","mag":"2963723202"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2019.2930299","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2019.2930299","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100627736","display_name":"Yan Du","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4656-240X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75027704","display_name":"University of Tennessee at Knoxville","ror":"https://ror.org/020f3ap87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yan Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4656-240X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076167872","display_name":"Fangxing Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1060-7618"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75027704","display_name":"University of Tennessee at Knoxville","ror":"https://ror.org/020f3ap87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fangxing Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1060-7618","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100627736"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":18.039,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":378,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99576074,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"2","first_page":"1066","last_page":"1076"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11052","display_name":"Energy Load and Power Forecasting","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microgrid","display_name":"Microgrid","score":0.8980035781860352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.824628472328186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7013711929321289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demand-response","display_name":"Demand response","score":0.5710925459861755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5660361051559448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5399856567382812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-management","display_name":"Energy management","score":0.49109673500061035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monte-carlo-method","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","score":0.42699626088142395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-grid","display_name":"Smart grid","score":0.41237717866897583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.3818132281303406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3301050066947937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.32462313771247864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electricity","display_name":"Electricity","score":0.3238610625267029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.21616533398628235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.11364829540252686}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776784348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5762595","display_name":"Microgrid","level":3,"score":0.8980035781860352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.824628472328186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7013711929321289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779438525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5255048","display_name":"Demand response","level":3,"score":0.5710925459861755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5660361051559448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5399856567382812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7817414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779504","display_name":"Energy management","level":3,"score":0.49109673500061035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19499675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232207","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","level":2,"score":0.42699626088142395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10558101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855","display_name":"Smart grid","level":2,"score":0.41237717866897583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.3818132281303406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3301050066947937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.32462313771247864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206658404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12725","display_name":"Electricity","level":2,"score":0.3238610625267029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.21616533398628235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.11364829540252686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2019.2930299","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2019.2930299","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8899999856948853,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1961447923","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ECCS-1809458","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337392","funder_display_name":"Division of Electrical, Communications and Cyber Systems"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6245059938","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EEC-1041877","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337394","funder_display_name":"Division of Engineering Education and Centers"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337392","display_name":"Division of Electrical, Communications and Cyber Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/01krpsy48"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337394","display_name":"Division of Engineering Education and Centers","ror":"https://ror.org/050rnw378"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1533861849","https://openalex.org/W1836465849","https://openalex.org/W1970859914","https://openalex.org/W2012160694","https://openalex.org/W2023865237","https://openalex.org/W2024998154","https://openalex.org/W2068060907","https://openalex.org/W2071361493","https://openalex.org/W2101060125","https://openalex.org/W2121863487","https://openalex.org/W2279029373","https://openalex.org/W2328470732","https://openalex.org/W2342445519","https://openalex.org/W2485135858","https://openalex.org/W2514032467","https://openalex.org/W2552464054","https://openalex.org/W2586852908","https://openalex.org/W2601171548","https://openalex.org/W2739824434","https://openalex.org/W2778436178","https://openalex.org/W2787237990","https://openalex.org/W2790306973","https://openalex.org/W2793486043","https://openalex.org/W2884320687","https://openalex.org/W2899639849","https://openalex.org/W2900048271","https://openalex.org/W2901621510","https://openalex.org/W2902010734","https://openalex.org/W2945563933","https://openalex.org/W2962980800","https://openalex.org/W2963317745","https://openalex.org/W2964121744","https://openalex.org/W4214717370","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6631943919","https://openalex.org/W6638667902","https://openalex.org/W6755805438"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1589973774","https://openalex.org/W2171108821","https://openalex.org/W2353074559","https://openalex.org/W2333017163","https://openalex.org/W2074513827","https://openalex.org/W1498762745","https://openalex.org/W2402141875","https://openalex.org/W148990555","https://openalex.org/W2023642087","https://openalex.org/W2347673489"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,24],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"an":[3],"intelligent":[4],"multi-microgrid":[5],"(MMG)":[6],"energy":[7],"management":[8],"method":[9,107],"is":[10,60],"proposed":[11,122,140],"based":[12,114],"on":[13,115],"deep":[14,124],"neural":[15],"network":[16],"(DNN)":[17],"and":[18,37,68],"model-free":[19],"reinforcement":[20],"learning":[21,125],"(RL)":[22],"techniques.":[23],"the":[25,42,50,53,58,63,71,82,96,112,121,136,139],"studied":[26],"problem,":[27],"multiple":[28],"microgrids":[29],"are":[30],"connected":[31],"to":[32,45,61,69,92],"a":[33,87,104],"main":[34],"distribution":[35,43,54],"system":[36,44,55,145],"they":[38],"purchase":[39],"power":[40,144],"from":[41,73,108,120],"maintain":[46],"local":[47],"consumption.":[48],"From":[49],"perspective":[51],"of":[52,138],"operator":[56],"(DSO),":[57],"target":[59],"decrease":[62],"demand-side":[64],"peak-to-average":[65],"ratio":[66],"(PAR),":[67],"maximize":[70],"profit":[72],"selling":[74],"energy.":[75],"To":[76],"protect":[77],"user":[78],"privacy,":[79],"DSO":[80,97],"learns":[81],"MMG":[83],"response":[84],"by":[85],"implementing":[86],"DNN":[88],"without":[89],"direct":[90],"access":[91],"user's":[93],"information.":[94,151],"Further,":[95],"selects":[98],"its":[99],"retail":[100],"pricing":[101],"strategy":[102],"via":[103],"Monte":[105],"Carlo":[106],"RL,":[109],"which":[110],"optimizes":[111],"decision":[113],"prediction.":[116],"The":[117],"simulation":[118],"results":[119],"data-driven":[123],"method,":[126],"as":[127,129],"well":[128],"comparisons":[130],"with":[131,147],"conventional":[132],"model-based":[133],"methods,":[134],"substantiate":[135],"effectiveness":[137],"approach":[141],"in":[142],"solving":[143],"problems":[146],"partial":[148],"or":[149],"uncertain":[150]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":70},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":64},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":89},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":68},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":54},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":27}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
