{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2979537861","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2019.2909931","title":"Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring Using Additive Factorial Approximate Maximum <i>a Posteriori</i> Based on Iterative Fuzzy $c$ -Means","display_name":"Non-Intrusive Load Monitoring Using Additive Factorial Approximate Maximum <i>a Posteriori</i> Based on Iterative Fuzzy $c$ -Means","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-10-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2979537861","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2019.2909931","mag":"2979537861"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2019.2909931","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2019.2909931","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020048163","display_name":"Tianyao Ji","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610280","display_name":"South China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0530pts50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"T. Y. Ji","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electric Power Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electric Power Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040015481","display_name":"L. Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9411-9338"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610280","display_name":"South China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0530pts50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L. Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electric Power Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electric Power Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001544218","display_name":"T. S. Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6783-649X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610280","display_name":"South China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0530pts50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"T. S. Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electric Power Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electric Power Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000687611","display_name":"Weijia Lin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610280","display_name":"South China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0530pts50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"W. B. Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electric Power Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electric Power Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009075081","display_name":"Mengshi Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7044-1782"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610280","display_name":"South China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0530pts50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. S. Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electric Power Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electric Power Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016939864","display_name":"Qinghua Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0598-8367"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90610280","display_name":"South China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/0530pts50","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Q. H. Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electric Power Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electric Power Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5020048163"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90610280"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.0076,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":65,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95980274,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"6","first_page":"6667","last_page":"6677"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12546","display_name":"Smart Parking Systems Research","score":0.9943000078201294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11052","display_name":"Energy Load and Power Forecasting","score":0.9911999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hidden-markov-model","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","score":0.7015537619590759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuzzy-logic","display_name":"Fuzzy logic","score":0.5825557708740234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maximum-a-posteriori-estimation","display_name":"Maximum a posteriori estimation","score":0.5380287766456604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fractional-factorial-design","display_name":"Fractional factorial design","score":0.5247526168823242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4988389015197754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/a-priori-and-a-posteriori","display_name":"A priori and a posteriori","score":0.44958120584487915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-grid","display_name":"Smart grid","score":0.42894247174263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iterative-method","display_name":"Iterative method","score":0.4156602621078491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3910573124885559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3790930509567261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/factorial-experiment","display_name":"Factorial experiment","score":0.30919134616851807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.30840277671813965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.28274187445640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maximum-likelihood","display_name":"Maximum likelihood","score":0.2827368378639221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.27649229764938354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.1589277982711792}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23224414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176769","display_name":"Hidden Markov model","level":2,"score":0.7015537619590759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q224821","display_name":"Fuzzy logic","level":2,"score":0.5825557708740234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9810830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q635384","display_name":"Maximum a posteriori estimation","level":3,"score":0.5380287766456604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16469947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2400745","display_name":"Fractional factorial design","level":3,"score":0.5247526168823242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4988389015197754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75553542","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178161","display_name":"A priori and a posteriori","level":2,"score":0.44958120584487915},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10558101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855","display_name":"Smart grid","level":2,"score":0.42894247174263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159694833","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2321565","display_name":"Iterative method","level":2,"score":0.4156602621078491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3910573124885559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3790930509567261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169222746","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116558","display_name":"Factorial experiment","level":2,"score":0.30919134616851807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.30840277671813965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.28274187445640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49781872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1045555","display_name":"Maximum likelihood","level":2,"score":0.2827368378639221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.27649229764938354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1589277982711792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2019.2909931","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2019.2909931","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1219788814","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018A030313822","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321921","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3704436666","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2018ZD06","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321392","funder_display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321392","display_name":"Northwestern Polytechnical University","ror":"https://ror.org/01y0j0j86"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321921","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1138573735","https://openalex.org/W1528056001","https://openalex.org/W2013601308","https://openalex.org/W2025423356","https://openalex.org/W2053677366","https://openalex.org/W2086052667","https://openalex.org/W2098859486","https://openalex.org/W2123910460","https://openalex.org/W2167985623","https://openalex.org/W2255051834","https://openalex.org/W2344234701","https://openalex.org/W2465358378","https://openalex.org/W2549449854","https://openalex.org/W2555926712","https://openalex.org/W2569830329","https://openalex.org/W2598527303","https://openalex.org/W2755492127","https://openalex.org/W2770861978","https://openalex.org/W2778405665","https://openalex.org/W2781427031","https://openalex.org/W2921676705","https://openalex.org/W2963870506","https://openalex.org/W3147254695","https://openalex.org/W6627345084","https://openalex.org/W6672110648","https://openalex.org/W6684888087"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4297784416","https://openalex.org/W1998748191","https://openalex.org/W2945855118","https://openalex.org/W1590352712","https://openalex.org/W1967114272","https://openalex.org/W4230378348","https://openalex.org/W811598530","https://openalex.org/W1558250505","https://openalex.org/W2086594805","https://openalex.org/W4230472231"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,8,31,36,55,77,83,109,116,125,133,139,146,152,158,170,181,186,195],"promotion":[2],"and":[3,18,50,52,72,132,180],"application":[4],"of":[5,10,33,129,141,173,175],"smart":[6,65],"grid,":[7],"technology":[9],"non-intrusive":[11],"load":[12,38,78,127,160],"monitoring":[13],"(NILM)":[14],"has":[15,54],"gained":[16],"more":[17,19,48,190],"attention":[20],"in":[21,192],"recent":[22],"years.":[23],"Different":[24],"from":[25],"direct":[26],"device":[27],"monitoring,":[28],"it":[29],"identifies":[30],"type":[32],"appliances":[34],"using":[35],"aggregated":[37,153],"profile":[39],"measured":[40],"at":[41],"a":[42],"single":[43],"metering":[44],"point,":[45],"which":[46,81],"is":[47,111,135,148,189],"convenient":[49],"flexible,":[51],"thus":[53],"potential":[56],"to":[57,60,75,113,123,137,150],"be":[58],"extended":[59],"all":[61],"households":[62],"equipped":[63],"with":[64,194],"meters.":[66],"This":[67],"paper":[68],"proposes":[69],"an":[70],"extensible":[71],"comprehensive":[73],"model":[74,110,128,188],"solve":[76],"disaggregation":[79],"problem,":[80],"employs":[82],"additive":[84],"factorial":[85],"approximate":[86],"maximum":[87],"<italic":[88],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[89,98],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">a":[90],"posteriori</i>":[91],"(AFAMAP)":[92],"based":[93,156],"on":[94,157,169],"iterative":[95],"fuzzy":[96],"<inline-formula":[97],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">":[99],"<tex-math":[100],"notation=\"LaTeX\">${c}$":[101],"</tex-math></inline-formula>":[102],"-means":[103],"(IFCM).":[104],"To":[105],"make":[106],"sure":[107],"that":[108,185],"adaptive":[112],"other":[114,196],"households,":[115],"hidden":[117,142],"Markov":[118],"models":[119,161],"(HMMs)":[120],"are":[121,167],"applied":[122],"obtain":[124],"independent":[126,159],"each":[130],"appliance,":[131],"IFCM":[134],"used":[136],"determine":[138],"number":[140],"states":[143],"adaptively.":[144],"Finally,":[145],"AFAMAP":[147],"utilized":[149],"decompose":[151],"power":[154],"consumption":[155],"built":[162],"by":[163],"HMM.":[164],"Simulation":[165],"studies":[166],"conducted":[168],"open":[171],"database":[172],"Almanac":[174],"Minutely":[176],"Power":[177],"dataset":[178],"(AMPds),":[179],"results":[182],"have":[183],"demonstrated":[184],"proposed":[187],"accurate":[191],"comparison":[193],"models.":[197]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
