{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2920951612","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2019.2903756","title":"Deep Reinforcement Learning for Joint Bidding and Pricing of Load Serving Entity","display_name":"Deep Reinforcement Learning for Joint Bidding and Pricing of Load Serving Entity","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-03-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2920951612","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2019.2903756","mag":"2920951612"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2019.2903756","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2019.2903756","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055964666","display_name":"Hanchen Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2335-5421"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159266","display_name":"Mitsubishi Electric (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/053jnhe44","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1306287861","https://openalex.org/I4210133125","https://openalex.org/I4210159266"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hanchen Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Data Analytics Group, Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories, Cambridge, MA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Data Analytics Group, Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159266"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101538897","display_name":"Hongbo Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2489-2205"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159266","display_name":"Mitsubishi Electric (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/053jnhe44","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1306287861","https://openalex.org/I4210133125","https://openalex.org/I4210159266"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hongbo Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Data Analytics Group, Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories, Cambridge, MA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Data Analytics Group, Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159266"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054931604","display_name":"Daniel Nikovski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2919-645X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159266","display_name":"Mitsubishi Electric (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/053jnhe44","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1306287861","https://openalex.org/I4210133125","https://openalex.org/I4210159266"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Nikovski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Data Analytics Group, Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories, Cambridge, MA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Data Analytics Group, Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159266"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100919823","display_name":"Shoichi Kitamura","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133125","display_name":"Mitsubishi Electric (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/033y26782","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1306287861","https://openalex.org/I4210133125"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shoichi Kitamura","raw_affiliation_strings":["Advanced Technology Research and Development Center, Mitsubishi Electric Corporation, Amagasaki, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced Technology Research and Development Center, Mitsubishi Electric Corporation, Amagasaki, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133125"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111468824","display_name":"Kazuyuki Mori","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133125","display_name":"Mitsubishi Electric (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/033y26782","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1306287861","https://openalex.org/I4210133125"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kazuyuki Mori","raw_affiliation_strings":["Advanced Technology Research and Development Center, Mitsubishi Electric Corporation, Amagasaki, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced Technology Research and Development Center, Mitsubishi Electric Corporation, Amagasaki, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133125"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101642244","display_name":"Hiroyuki Hashimoto","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9458-8583"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159266","display_name":"Mitsubishi Electric (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/053jnhe44","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1306287861","https://openalex.org/I4210133125","https://openalex.org/I4210159266"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hiroyuki Hashimoto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Data Analytics Group, Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories, Cambridge, MA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Data Analytics Group, Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159266"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5055964666"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159266"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.5611,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":119,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98565389,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"6","first_page":"6366","last_page":"6375"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11954","display_name":"Energy Efficiency and Management","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bidding","display_name":"Bidding","score":0.8965612649917603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.7691746950149536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-decision-process","display_name":"Markov decision process","score":0.7302284240722656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6279449462890625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.577206552028656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electricity-market","display_name":"Electricity market","score":0.5128071904182434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electricity","display_name":"Electricity","score":0.5096654891967773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-process","display_name":"Markov process","score":0.4907416105270386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-pricing","display_name":"Dynamic pricing","score":0.449604332447052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/market-clearing","display_name":"Market clearing","score":0.4273245930671692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.41526076197624207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operations-research","display_name":"Operations research","score":0.3682310879230499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microeconomics","display_name":"Microeconomics","score":0.3008246421813965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.22239091992378235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.2063799798488617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.12173506617546082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.11389076709747314}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9233905","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3276328","display_name":"Bidding","level":2,"score":0.8965612649917603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.7691746950149536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106189395","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176789","display_name":"Markov decision process","level":3,"score":0.7302284240722656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6279449462890625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.577206552028656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146733006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q676081","display_name":"Electricity market","level":3,"score":0.5128071904182434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206658404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12725","display_name":"Electricity","level":2,"score":0.5096654891967773},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159886148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov process","level":2,"score":0.4907416105270386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779391423","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17009728","display_name":"Dynamic pricing","level":2,"score":0.449604332447052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14981831","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1713661","display_name":"Market clearing","level":2,"score":0.4273245930671692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.41526076197624207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.3682310879230499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.3008246421813965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.22239091992378235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.2063799798488617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.12173506617546082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.11389076709747314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2019.2903756","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2019.2903756","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.6100000143051147}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W41554520","https://openalex.org/W1982846429","https://openalex.org/W2024998154","https://openalex.org/W2030846484","https://openalex.org/W2046673941","https://openalex.org/W2054989445","https://openalex.org/W2096935314","https://openalex.org/W2121863487","https://openalex.org/W2125176858","https://openalex.org/W2145339207","https://openalex.org/W2165150801","https://openalex.org/W2173248099","https://openalex.org/W2277948250","https://openalex.org/W2279029373","https://openalex.org/W2343450080","https://openalex.org/W2343935207","https://openalex.org/W2557283755","https://openalex.org/W2575705757","https://openalex.org/W2589489991","https://openalex.org/W2591980212","https://openalex.org/W2764881335","https://openalex.org/W2883076328","https://openalex.org/W2889099794","https://openalex.org/W2906031889","https://openalex.org/W2951564340","https://openalex.org/W2953384591","https://openalex.org/W2962781654","https://openalex.org/W2963864421","https://openalex.org/W3100103589","https://openalex.org/W3100366369","https://openalex.org/W3123212791","https://openalex.org/W4302570325","https://openalex.org/W6684205842","https://openalex.org/W6684921986","https://openalex.org/W6713134421","https://openalex.org/W6753320542"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2558002628","https://openalex.org/W2905480046","https://openalex.org/W2121690610","https://openalex.org/W2586647986","https://openalex.org/W2978786594","https://openalex.org/W2112548363","https://openalex.org/W2548950555","https://openalex.org/W3132153778","https://openalex.org/W3169353470","https://openalex.org/W3197709150"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1,85,111,114],"paper,":[2],"we":[3,116],"address":[4],"the":[5,10,15,21,26,59,63,76,88,95,133,136,140,151,155,160,177,182,187,193,196],"problem":[6,42],"of":[7,103,139,154,184,195],"jointly":[8],"determining":[9],"energy":[11,22,60,64],"bid":[12,61,123],"submitted":[13],"to":[14,83,120,131,167],"wholesale":[16],"electricity":[17,28],"market":[18,29],"(WEM)":[19],"and":[20,40,54,62,91,124,135,159,163],"price":[23,65,125],"charged":[24],"in":[25,57,110,186],"retailed":[27],"(REM)":[30],"for":[31,87],"a":[32,46,71,100],"load":[33],"serving":[34],"entity":[35],"(LSE).":[36],"The":[37],"joint":[38],"bidding":[39,90],"pricing":[41,92],"is":[43],"formulated":[44],"as":[45],"Markov":[47],"decision":[48],"process":[49],"(MDP)":[50],"with":[51],"continuous":[52],"state":[53,104,169],"action":[55],"spaces":[56],"which":[58,107],"are":[66,108],"two":[67],"actions":[68],"that":[69],"share":[70],"common":[72],"objective.":[73],"We":[74],"apply":[75,117],"deep":[77],"deterministic":[78],"policy":[79],"gradient":[80],"(DDPG)":[81],"algorithm":[82,97],"solve":[84],"MDP":[86,188],"optimal":[89],"policies.":[93],"Yet,":[94],"DDPG":[96],"typically":[98],"requires":[99],"significant":[101],"number":[102],"transition":[105,170],"samples,":[106],"costly":[109],"application.":[112],"To":[113],"end,":[115],"neural":[118],"networks":[119],"learn":[121],"dynamical":[122],"response":[126,147,178],"functions":[127,148,179],"from":[128],"historical":[129],"data":[130],"model":[132],"WEM":[134,156],"collective":[137],"behavior":[138],"end":[141],"use":[142],"customers":[143],"(EUCs),":[144],"respectively.":[145],"These":[146],"explicitly":[149],"capture":[150],"inter-temporal":[152],"correlations":[153],"clearing":[157],"results":[158],"EUC":[161],"responses":[162],"can":[164],"be":[165],"utilized":[166],"generate":[168],"samples":[171],"without":[172],"any":[173],"cost.":[174],"More":[175],"importantly,":[176],"also":[180],"inform":[181],"choice":[183],"states":[185],"formulation.":[189],"Numerical":[190],"simulations":[191],"illustrated":[192],"effectiveness":[194],"proposed":[197],"methodology.":[198]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T08:11:56.329763","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
