{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2905626661","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2018.2888687","title":"Real-Time Primary Frequency Regulation Using Load Power Control by Smart Transformers","display_name":"Real-Time Primary Frequency Regulation Using Load Power Control by Smart Transformers","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-12-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2905626661","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2018.2888687","mag":"2905626661"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2018.2888687","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2018.2888687","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://macau.uni-kiel.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/macau_derivate_00000777/real_time_primary_frequency_regulation_using_load_power_control_by_smart_transformers.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036471902","display_name":"Giovanni De Carne","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3700-2902"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32021983","display_name":"Christian-Albrechts-Universit\u00e4t zu Kiel","ror":"https://ror.org/04v76ef78","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32021983"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giovanni De Carne","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chair of Power Electronics, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3700-2902","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair of Power Electronics, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32021983"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023412621","display_name":"Giampaolo Buticchi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0470-3259"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13591777","display_name":"University of Nottingham Ningbo China","ror":"https://ror.org/03y4dt428","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13591777","https://openalex.org/I142263535"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Giampaolo Buticchi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0470-3259","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13591777"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053880143","display_name":"Marco Liserre","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0818-2684"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32021983","display_name":"Christian-Albrechts-Universit\u00e4t zu Kiel","ror":"https://ror.org/04v76ef78","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32021983"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marco Liserre","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chair of Power Electronics, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0818-2684","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chair of Power Electronics, University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32021983"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113786508","display_name":"Constantine Vournas","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I174458059","display_name":"National Technical University of Athens","ror":"https://ror.org/03cx6bg69","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I174458059"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Constantine Vournas","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I174458059"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.1818,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":63,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96923487,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"5","first_page":"5630","last_page":"5639"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10305","display_name":"Power System Optimization and Stability","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automatic-frequency-control","display_name":"Automatic frequency control","score":0.6865377426147461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-demand","display_name":"Dynamic demand","score":0.6338601112365723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.6094147562980652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-deviation","display_name":"Frequency deviation","score":0.5964694023132324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.5871965885162354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-grid","display_name":"Smart grid","score":0.5689507722854614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/load-regulation","display_name":"Load regulation","score":0.5627374053001404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-power-system","display_name":"Electric power system","score":0.5378512740135193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ac-power","display_name":"AC power","score":0.49875617027282715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.46136942505836487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-control","display_name":"Power control","score":0.4550853371620178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automatic-generation-control","display_name":"Automatic Generation Control","score":0.4370574951171875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inertia","display_name":"Inertia","score":0.43513229489326477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-electronics","display_name":"Power electronics","score":0.4185223877429962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3554481863975525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.342939555644989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.33450794219970703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.3171401619911194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.16463366150856018}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25915539","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220786","display_name":"Automatic frequency control","level":2,"score":0.6865377426147461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45872418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5318966","display_name":"Dynamic demand","level":3,"score":0.6338601112365723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.6094147562980652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123919525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q761942","display_name":"Frequency deviation","level":3,"score":0.5964694023132324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.5871965885162354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10558101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855","display_name":"Smart grid","level":2,"score":0.5689507722854614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776098794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6663315","display_name":"Load regulation","level":3,"score":0.5627374053001404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.5378512740135193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108755667","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1930258","display_name":"AC power","level":3,"score":0.49875617027282715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.46136942505836487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56685638","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2300474","display_name":"Power control","level":3,"score":0.4550853371620178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778763806","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4826572","display_name":"Automatic Generation Control","level":4,"score":0.4370574951171875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110407247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q122508","display_name":"Inertia","level":2,"score":0.43513229489326477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178911571","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q593143","display_name":"Power electronics","level":3,"score":0.4185223877429962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3554481863975525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.342939555644989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.33450794219970703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3171401619911194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.16463366150856018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74650414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397","display_name":"Classical mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2018.2888687","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2018.2888687","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:macau.uni-kiel.de:publ_mods_00002247","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://macau.uni-kiel.de/receive/publ_mods_00002247","pdf_url":"https://macau.uni-kiel.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/macau_derivate_00000777/real_time_primary_frequency_regulation_using_load_power_control_by_smart_transformers.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401923","display_name":"Multimedialer Archiv- und Publikationsserver der Christian-Albrechts-Universit\u00e4t zu Kiel (Christian-Albrechts-Universit\u00e4t zu Kiel)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I151221077","host_organization_name":"Chung Yuan Christian University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151221077"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"doc-type:Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:macau.uni-kiel.de:macau_publ_00002247","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://macau.uni-kiel.de/receive/macau_publ_00002247","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401923","display_name":"Multimedialer Archiv- und Publikationsserver der Christian-Albrechts-Universit\u00e4t zu Kiel (Christian-Albrechts-Universit\u00e4t zu Kiel)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I151221077","host_organization_name":"Chung Yuan Christian University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151221077"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid. - New Jersey : IEEE; 2018. - S.1.","raw_type":"doc-type:article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:macau.uni-kiel.de:publ_mods_00002247","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://macau.uni-kiel.de/receive/publ_mods_00002247","pdf_url":"https://macau.uni-kiel.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/macau_derivate_00000777/real_time_primary_frequency_regulation_using_load_power_control_by_smart_transformers.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401923","display_name":"Multimedialer Archiv- und Publikationsserver der Christian-Albrechts-Universit\u00e4t zu Kiel (Christian-Albrechts-Universit\u00e4t zu Kiel)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I151221077","host_organization_name":"Chung Yuan Christian University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151221077"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"doc-type:Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9100000262260437,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2761285720","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"FP/2007-2013","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4312620727","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"03SFK1I0","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321114","funder_display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5593277320","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2007-2013","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7176813020","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ERC 616344","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333065","funder_display_name":"Seventh Framework Programme"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7368501766","display_name":"\"The Highly Efficient And Reliable smart Transformer (HEART), a new Heart for the Electric Distribution System\"","funder_award_id":"616344","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321114","display_name":"Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","ror":"https://ror.org/04pz7b180"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320333065","display_name":"Seventh Framework Programme","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2905626661.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2905626661.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1484104892","https://openalex.org/W1898170596","https://openalex.org/W1966275657","https://openalex.org/W2009022268","https://openalex.org/W2012192910","https://openalex.org/W2024353911","https://openalex.org/W2039394613","https://openalex.org/W2040964155","https://openalex.org/W2060472803","https://openalex.org/W2075419264","https://openalex.org/W2091726522","https://openalex.org/W2097077258","https://openalex.org/W2122032342","https://openalex.org/W2130625629","https://openalex.org/W2143991678","https://openalex.org/W2146531819","https://openalex.org/W2164961065","https://openalex.org/W2438616010","https://openalex.org/W2442002586","https://openalex.org/W2525833183","https://openalex.org/W2529186219","https://openalex.org/W2571551106","https://openalex.org/W2593249465","https://openalex.org/W2606199302","https://openalex.org/W2611124040","https://openalex.org/W2622359289","https://openalex.org/W2798639122","https://openalex.org/W2799294524","https://openalex.org/W2800366912","https://openalex.org/W2807172199","https://openalex.org/W3149780940","https://openalex.org/W6737607322","https://openalex.org/W6750708606"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2202113708","https://openalex.org/W1982646267","https://openalex.org/W2807747264","https://openalex.org/W1966770600","https://openalex.org/W2539652287","https://openalex.org/W3119267424","https://openalex.org/W2884024267","https://openalex.org/W2096066633","https://openalex.org/W2804741690","https://openalex.org/W3113430909"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,88],"the":[1,4,18,34,52,55,70,119,124,152,156,176,179],"last":[2],"years,":[3],"energy":[5],"production":[6],"share":[7],"of":[8,33,109,144,169,178],"power":[9,22,64,79,125,157],"electronics-based":[10],"generators":[11],"has":[12],"kept":[13],"increasing":[14],"with":[15],"respect":[16],"to":[17,76,102,151,174],"synchronous":[19],"generation.":[20],"These":[21],"electronics-resources":[23],"do":[24],"not":[25],"offer":[26],"rotational":[27],"inertia,":[28],"resulting":[29],"in":[30,40,51,63,69,123,149,155,172,182],"a":[31,59,91,145],"decrease":[32],"total":[35],"system":[36],"inertia":[37],"and":[38,66,83,116,165,185],"thus":[39],"larger":[41],"frequency":[42,86,121,134,153],"deviations":[43],"during":[44,85],"disturbances.":[45],"Among":[46],"several":[47],"corrective":[48],"solutions":[49],"studied":[50],"literature,":[53],"controlling":[54],"load":[56,72,104,112,140,147],"consumption":[57,105,141],"is":[58,74,96,100,162],"promising":[60],"one.":[61],"Fast":[62],"response":[65,150],"widely":[67],"distributed":[68],"grid,":[71],"control":[73],"able":[75,101],"work":[77],"as":[78],"reserve":[80],"(both":[81],"upward":[82],"downward)":[84],"variations.":[87],"this":[89],"regard,":[90],"smart":[92],"transformer":[93],"(ST)-based":[94],"solution":[95],"proposed.":[97],"The":[98,159],"ST":[99],"shape":[103],"accurately":[106],"by":[107,142,167],"means":[108,143,168],"an":[110,130],"online":[111],"sensitivity":[113],"identification-based":[114],"control,":[115,148],"can":[117],"support":[118],"primary":[120],"regulation":[122,135],"system.":[126],"This":[127],"paper":[128],"presents":[129],"ST-based":[131],"real":[132],"time":[133],"(RTFR)":[136],"controller":[137,181],"that":[138],"varies":[139],"voltage-based":[146],"deviation":[154],"grid.":[158],"proposed":[160],"method":[161],"described":[163],"analytically":[164],"tested":[166],"power-hardware-in-loop":[170],"experiments":[171],"order":[173],"show":[175],"effectiveness":[177],"RTFR":[180],"real-time":[183],"conditions":[184],"applications.":[186]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-12T08:23:45.883708","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}