{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2795559022","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2018.2821765","title":"A Probabilistic Optimum-Path Forest Classifier for Non-Technical Losses Detection","display_name":"A Probabilistic Optimum-Path Forest Classifier for Non-Technical Losses Detection","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-04-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2795559022","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2018.2821765","mag":"2795559022"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2018.2821765","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2018.2821765","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11449/185671","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038256461","display_name":"Silas Evandro Nachif Fernandes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7228-1364"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177909021","display_name":"Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Carlos","ror":"https://ror.org/00qdc6m37","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177909021"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Silas E. N. Fernandes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing, Federal University of S\u00e3o Carlos, S\u00e3o Carlos, Brazil"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing, Federal University of S\u00e3o Carlos, S\u00e3o Carlos, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177909021"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069650618","display_name":"Danillo Roberto Pereira","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7934-6482"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089278","display_name":"Universidade do Oeste Paulista","ror":"https://ror.org/00ccec020","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210089278"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Danillo R. Pereira","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Informatics, University of Western S\u00e3o Paulo, Presidente Prudente, Brazil"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Informatics, University of Western S\u00e3o Paulo, Presidente Prudente, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089278"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025299028","display_name":"Caio C. O. Ramos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4294-5198"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118451","display_name":"Instituto Federal Catarinense","ror":"https://ror.org/02f8h1m78","country_code":"BR","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118451"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Caio C. O. Ramos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Catarinense Federal Institute, Rio do Sul, Brazil"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Catarinense Federal Institute, Rio do Sul, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118451"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102406041","display_name":"Andr\u00e9 Nunes de Souza","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8759-1441"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I879563668","display_name":"Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)","ror":"https://ror.org/00987cb86","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I879563668"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andre N. Souza","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, S\u00e3o Paulo State University, Bauru, Brazil"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, S\u00e3o Paulo State University, Bauru, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I879563668"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056316477","display_name":"Danilo Sinkiti Gastaldello","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9945-9086"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I879563668","display_name":"Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)","ror":"https://ror.org/00987cb86","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I879563668"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Danilo S. Gastaldello","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, S\u00e3o Paulo State University, Bauru, Brazil"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, S\u00e3o Paulo State University, Bauru, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I879563668"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003275797","display_name":"Jo\u00e3o Paulo Papa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6494-7514"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I879563668","display_name":"Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)","ror":"https://ror.org/00987cb86","country_code":"BR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I879563668"]}],"countries":["BR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joao P. Papa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing, S\u00e3o Paulo State University, Bauru, Brazil"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing, S\u00e3o Paulo State University, Bauru, Brazil","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I879563668"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5038256461"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177909021"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.4163,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":30,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82320761,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"3","first_page":"3226","last_page":"3235"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13429","display_name":"Electricity Theft Detection Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13429","display_name":"Electricity Theft Detection Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11941","display_name":"Power System Reliability and Maintenance","score":0.9613999724388123,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11220","display_name":"Water Systems and Optimization","score":0.9467999935150146,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.8178989887237549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-classification","display_name":"Probabilistic classification","score":0.7007102370262146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.6817331910133362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6285240650177002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5933292508125305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.5821340680122375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5601657032966614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/path","display_name":"Path (computing)","score":0.49126142263412476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.4462854266166687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gradient-boosting","display_name":"Gradient boosting","score":0.41569364070892334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.40659111738204956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.3518754839897156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/naive-bayes-classifier","display_name":"Naive Bayes classifier","score":0.07687583565711975}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.8178989887237549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189119545","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5128022","display_name":"Probabilistic classification","level":4,"score":0.7007102370262146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.6817331910133362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6285240650177002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5933292508125305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.5821340680122375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5601657032966614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777735758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q817765","display_name":"Path (computing)","level":2,"score":0.49126142263412476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.4462854266166687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70153297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5591907","display_name":"Gradient boosting","level":3,"score":0.41569364070892334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.40659111738204956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.3518754839897156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52001869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812530","display_name":"Naive Bayes classifier","level":3,"score":0.07687583565711975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2018.2821765","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2018.2821765","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repositorio.unesp.br:11449/185671","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11449/185671","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196277","display_name":"UNESP Institutional Repository (S\u00e3o Paulo State University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I879563668","host_organization_name":"Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I879563668"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"instacron:UNESP","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:repositorio.unesp.br:11449/185671","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11449/185671","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196277","display_name":"UNESP Institutional Repository (S\u00e3o Paulo State University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I879563668","host_organization_name":"Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I879563668"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"instacron:UNESP","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","display_name":"Life in Land","score":0.6800000071525574}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1577364251","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"307066/2017-7","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322025","funder_display_name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3433854873","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2014/16250-9","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320997","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4312984384","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2014/12236-1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320997","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5391673594","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017/02286-0","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320997","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5990746028","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2013/07375-0","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320997","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6344266821","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"306166/2014-3","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322025","funder_display_name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7488506549","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2016/19403-6","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320997","funder_display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320997","display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","ror":"https://ror.org/02ddkpn78"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321091","display_name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","ror":"https://ror.org/00x0ma614"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322025","display_name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","ror":"https://ror.org/03swz6y49"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1506084804","https://openalex.org/W1544046395","https://openalex.org/W1565746575","https://openalex.org/W1618905105","https://openalex.org/W2012847678","https://openalex.org/W2021022350","https://openalex.org/W2047822984","https://openalex.org/W2056983531","https://openalex.org/W2096411924","https://openalex.org/W2099306544","https://openalex.org/W2101234009","https://openalex.org/W2111066228","https://openalex.org/W2115284428","https://openalex.org/W2158769954","https://openalex.org/W2169004268","https://openalex.org/W2188715005","https://openalex.org/W2296467806","https://openalex.org/W2343530358","https://openalex.org/W2398616336","https://openalex.org/W2411244218","https://openalex.org/W2466038529","https://openalex.org/W2512089339","https://openalex.org/W2538380608","https://openalex.org/W2577062852","https://openalex.org/W2622942004","https://openalex.org/W2725329029","https://openalex.org/W2735907490","https://openalex.org/W2776567627","https://openalex.org/W4248916828","https://openalex.org/W4250320908","https://openalex.org/W4252684946","https://openalex.org/W6636501900","https://openalex.org/W6675354045"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4396689146","https://openalex.org/W4200112873","https://openalex.org/W2955796858","https://openalex.org/W4386690025","https://openalex.org/W2004826645","https://openalex.org/W2889302474","https://openalex.org/W4322710485","https://openalex.org/W4402664569","https://openalex.org/W4315777889","https://openalex.org/W4404789265"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Probabilistic-driven":[0],"classification":[1],"techniques":[2,17],"extend":[3],"the":[4,37,76,111],"role":[5],"of":[6,39,48,61,78,113],"traditional":[7],"approaches":[8],"that":[9],"output":[10],"labels":[11],"(usually":[12],"integer":[13],"numbers)":[14],"only.":[15],"Such":[16],"are":[18],"more":[19],"fruitful":[20],"when":[21],"dealing":[22],"with":[23],"problems":[24],"where":[25],"one":[26,51],"is":[27,90],"not":[28],"interested":[29],"in":[30,58,83,110],"recognition/identification":[31],"only,":[32],"but":[33],"also":[34],"into":[35],"monitoring":[36],"behavior":[38],"consumers":[40],"and/or":[41],"machines,":[42,98],"for":[43,105],"instance.":[44],"Therefore,":[45],"by":[46],"means":[47],"probability":[49],"estimates,":[50],"can":[52],"take":[53],"decisions":[54],"to":[55,74],"work":[56],"better":[57],"a":[59,68],"number":[60],"scenarios.":[62],"In":[63],"this":[64],"paper,":[65],"we":[66],"propose":[67],"probabilisticbased":[69],"optimum-path":[70],"forest":[71],"(OPF)":[72],"classifier":[73],"handle":[75],"problem":[77],"non-technical":[79],"losses":[80],"(NTL)":[81],"detection":[82],"power":[84],"distribution":[85],"systems.":[86],"The":[87],"proposed":[88],"approach":[89],"compared":[91],"against":[92],"na\u00efve":[93],"OPF,":[94],"probabilistic":[95],"support":[96],"vector":[97],"and":[99,109],"logistic":[100],"regression,":[101],"showing":[102],"promising":[103],"results":[104],"both":[106],"NTL":[107],"identification":[108],"context":[112],"general-purpose":[114],"applications.":[115]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}