{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2792818654","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2018.2813280","title":"False Data Injection Attacks Against State Estimation in Power Distribution Systems","display_name":"False Data Injection Attacks Against State Estimation in Power Distribution Systems","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-03-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2792818654","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2018.2813280","mag":"2792818654"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2018.2813280","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2018.2813280","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083185861","display_name":"Ruilong Deng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8158-150X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154425047","display_name":"University of Alberta","ror":"https://ror.org/0160cpw27","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ruilong Deng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044331074","display_name":"Peng Zhuang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9132-1392"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154425047","display_name":"University of Alberta","ror":"https://ror.org/0160cpw27","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peng Zhuang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045601379","display_name":"Hao Liang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7010-4540"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154425047","display_name":"University of Alberta","ror":"https://ror.org/0160cpw27","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5083185861"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":17.6017,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":223,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99512179,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"3","first_page":"2871","last_page":"2881"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9921000003814697,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12495","display_name":"Electrostatic Discharge in Electronics","score":0.9843999743461609,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.6441400647163391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-power-system","display_name":"Electric power system","score":0.6291141510009766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimation","display_name":"Estimation","score":0.5437234044075012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5286536812782288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distribution","display_name":"Distribution (mathematics)","score":0.45495903491973877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.4323252737522125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability-engineering","display_name":"Reliability engineering","score":0.4268350601196289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.4127737879753113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.35209929943084717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.30230462551116943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.19061189889907837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1893138885498047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.10065454244613647}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.6441400647163391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.6291141510009766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96250715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965330","display_name":"Estimation","level":2,"score":0.5437234044075012},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5286536812782288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110121322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865811","display_name":"Distribution (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.45495903491973877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4323252737522125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.4268350601196289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.4127737879753113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.35209929943084717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.30230462551116943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.19061189889907837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1893138885498047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.10065454244613647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2018.2813280","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2018.2813280","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6899999976158142,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4125285820","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"TSG-01550-2017","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320325651","display_name":"Alberta Innovates","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1495373176","https://openalex.org/W1549700940","https://openalex.org/W1681269575","https://openalex.org/W1972341741","https://openalex.org/W1984452440","https://openalex.org/W1993897696","https://openalex.org/W2005028112","https://openalex.org/W2008668719","https://openalex.org/W2013376616","https://openalex.org/W2022810949","https://openalex.org/W2028659449","https://openalex.org/W2030374597","https://openalex.org/W2032548422","https://openalex.org/W2036070481","https://openalex.org/W2050298360","https://openalex.org/W2063622163","https://openalex.org/W2106424475","https://openalex.org/W2122611676","https://openalex.org/W2157078218","https://openalex.org/W2165076581","https://openalex.org/W2166569007","https://openalex.org/W2167401472","https://openalex.org/W2331619935","https://openalex.org/W2343174841","https://openalex.org/W2344383225","https://openalex.org/W2425148200","https://openalex.org/W2525022545","https://openalex.org/W2526466618","https://openalex.org/W2559962737","https://openalex.org/W2606150029","https://openalex.org/W2612796499","https://openalex.org/W4214484041","https://openalex.org/W4236451413","https://openalex.org/W6632817039","https://openalex.org/W6653652110"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2576994247","https://openalex.org/W2608353378","https://openalex.org/W4249206767","https://openalex.org/W2563559453","https://openalex.org/W2382330008","https://openalex.org/W1519970947","https://openalex.org/W4243860260","https://openalex.org/W2155742919","https://openalex.org/W2532099551","https://openalex.org/W1914681266"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,22],"existing":[1],"research":[2],"on":[3,92,124,137],"false":[4],"data":[5],"injection":[6,96,132],"(FDI)":[7],"attacks":[8,49],"against":[9,66],"state":[10,38,67,90,161],"estimation":[11,68,162],"in":[12,54,69,166,182],"transmission":[13],"systems":[14,41,184],"cannot":[15],"be":[16,52,110,121],"trivially":[17],"extended":[18],"to":[19,34,51,113,158,177,189],"distribution":[20,40,70,183],"feeders.":[21],"main":[23],"reason":[24],"is":[25,42,155],"that":[26,30,83,143],"a":[27,61,125,175,186],"strong":[28,107],"condition":[29,108],"requires":[31],"the":[32,36,46,78,84,88,106,114,138,144,151,160,169,179],"attacker":[33,85],"know":[35],"estimated":[37],"of":[39,116,128],"needed,":[43],"which":[44,119],"makes":[45],"traditional":[47,170],"FDI":[48,63,104,147],"difficult":[50],"implemented":[53],"practice.":[55],"In":[56],"this":[57],"paper,":[58],"we":[59],"propose":[60],"practical":[62,146],"attack":[64,180],"model":[65],"systems,":[71],"without":[72,98,163],"paying":[73],"expensive":[74],"cost":[75],"for":[76],"obtaining":[77],"system":[79,89,153],"state.":[80],"We":[81],"show":[82],"can":[86,109,120],"approximate":[87],"based":[91,123,136],"power":[93,129],"flow":[94,130],"or":[95,131],"measurements":[97],"too":[99],"much":[100],"effort.":[101],"For":[102],"local":[103,117],"attacks,":[105],"further":[111],"relaxed":[112],"knowledge":[115],"state,":[118,154],"approximated":[122,152],"small":[126],"number":[127],"measurements.":[133],"Simulation":[134],"results":[135],"IEEE":[139],"test":[140],"feeder":[141],"demonstrate":[142],"proposed":[145],"attack,":[148],"even":[149],"with":[150,168],"more":[156],"likely":[157],"compromise":[159],"being":[164],"detected,":[165],"comparison":[167],"attacks.":[171],"This":[172],"paper":[173],"provides":[174],"basis":[176],"study":[178],"behaviors":[181],"and":[185],"theoretical":[187],"guide":[188],"develop":[190],"protective":[191],"countermeasures.":[192]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":36},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":39},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-04-11T08:14:18.477133","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}