{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2783173268","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2018.2790704","title":"Evaluation of Reinforcement Learning-Based False Data Injection Attack to Automatic Voltage Control","display_name":"Evaluation of Reinforcement Learning-Based False Data Injection Attack to Automatic Voltage Control","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-01-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2783173268","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2018.2790704","mag":"2783173268"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2018.2790704","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2018.2790704","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100383008","display_name":"Ying Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7379-5025"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ying Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017159397","display_name":"Shaowei Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0679-5927"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shaowei Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100415332","display_name":"Feng Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2279-2558"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Feng Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100757057","display_name":"Zhisheng Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2907-755X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhisheng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076341654","display_name":"Xinwei Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6962-7985"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99065089","display_name":"Tsinghua University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cve4549","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinwei Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100383008"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99065089"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":17.5837,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":218,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99507751,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"2","first_page":"2158","last_page":"2169"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12495","display_name":"Electrostatic Discharge in Electronics","score":0.992900013923645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9832000136375427,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.7408779859542847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/partially-observable-markov-decision-process","display_name":"Partially observable Markov decision process","score":0.6923198699951172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6393992900848389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kernel","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","score":0.5414645075798035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-power-system","display_name":"Electric power system","score":0.5196701288223267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-decision-process","display_name":"Markov decision process","score":0.49807238578796387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.4404906630516052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kernel-density-estimation","display_name":"Kernel density estimation","score":0.418410986661911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-process","display_name":"Markov process","score":0.4120848476886749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.37110060453414917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.35725367069244385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.33137959241867065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.3223513960838318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.2771589756011963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-chain","display_name":"Markov chain","score":0.2745714783668518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-model","display_name":"Markov model","score":0.19338086247444153}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.7408779859542847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17098449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176814","display_name":"Partially observable Markov decision process","level":4,"score":0.6923198699951172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6393992900848389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74193536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574844","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.5414645075798035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.5196701288223267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106189395","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176789","display_name":"Markov decision process","level":3,"score":0.49807238578796387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4404906630516052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71134354","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q458825","display_name":"Kernel density estimation","level":3,"score":0.418410986661911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159886148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov process","level":2,"score":0.4120848476886749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.37110060453414917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.35725367069244385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.33137959241867065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.3223513960838318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2771589756011963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98763669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov chain","level":2,"score":0.2745714783668518},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163836022","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6771326","display_name":"Markov model","level":3,"score":0.19338086247444153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185429906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130160","display_name":"Estimator","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2018.2790704","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2018.2790704","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.7200000286102295,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1944249978","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"51621065","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2592801036","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"51477081","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3163766286","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2017YFB09030000","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5829475755","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"51377092","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1526538707","https://openalex.org/W1583380718","https://openalex.org/W1598852905","https://openalex.org/W1626155273","https://openalex.org/W1680757476","https://openalex.org/W1975635104","https://openalex.org/W1989961462","https://openalex.org/W1998285730","https://openalex.org/W2003190831","https://openalex.org/W2005028112","https://openalex.org/W2022810949","https://openalex.org/W2041830596","https://openalex.org/W2056684756","https://openalex.org/W2061207936","https://openalex.org/W2070141626","https://openalex.org/W2075565671","https://openalex.org/W2108906138","https://openalex.org/W2115472369","https://openalex.org/W2122559297","https://openalex.org/W2149866817","https://openalex.org/W2157078218","https://openalex.org/W2316686406","https://openalex.org/W2433250951","https://openalex.org/W2504186066","https://openalex.org/W2513580371","https://openalex.org/W2552129899","https://openalex.org/W3104818482","https://openalex.org/W6635158338","https://openalex.org/W6698906057"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2096013579","https://openalex.org/W1589140671","https://openalex.org/W1760611253","https://openalex.org/W52153049","https://openalex.org/W3096874164","https://openalex.org/W2951545791","https://openalex.org/W1515117609","https://openalex.org/W2294884454","https://openalex.org/W2937181779","https://openalex.org/W2386410636"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"False":[0],"data":[1,135],"injection":[2],"(FDI)":[3],"attacks":[4,21,41,129],"intend":[5],"to":[6,26,85,147],"threaten":[7],"the":[8,50,57,100,108,115,118,149,153,167,170],"security":[9,168],"of":[10,19,30,56,117,124,152,169],"power":[11,32,59],"systems.":[12,111],"In":[13],"this":[14,161],"paper,":[15],"a":[16,31,46,68,76,133],"novel":[17],"strategy":[18,64],"FDI":[20,128,155],"is":[22,65,83,130],"proposed,":[23],"which":[24],"aims":[25],"distort":[27],"normal":[28],"operation":[29],"system":[33,176],"regulated":[34],"by":[35,49],"automatic":[36],"voltage":[37],"controls":[38],"(AVCs).":[39],"Such":[40],"can":[42,164],"be":[43],"launched":[44],"from":[45],"single":[47],"substation":[48],"attacker":[51],"who":[52],"has":[53],"little":[54],"knowledge":[55],"whole":[58],"grid.":[60],"The":[61,122],"optimal":[62],"attack":[63,92,120],"modeled":[66],"as":[67],"partial":[69],"observable":[70],"Markov":[71],"decision":[72],"process":[73],"(POMDP).":[74],"Then,":[75],"Q-learning":[77],"algorithm":[78],"with":[79],"nearest":[80],"sequence":[81],"memory":[82],"adopted":[84],"enable":[86],"on-line":[87],"learning":[88],"and":[89,97,126,137],"attacking.":[90],"Stealthy":[91],"strategies":[93],"are":[94,105,140],"also":[95],"developed":[96],"incorporated":[98],"into":[99],"POMDP":[101],"model.":[102],"Various":[103],"tests":[104],"performed":[106],"upon":[107],"IEEE":[109],"39-bus":[110],"Corresponding":[112],"results":[113,158],"verify":[114],"efficacy":[116],"proposed":[119,154],"strategies.":[121],"feasibility":[123],"independent":[125],"data-driven":[127],"investigated.":[131],"Moreover,":[132],"bad":[134],"detection":[136],"correction":[138],"method":[139,163],"presented":[141],"based":[142],"on":[143],"kernel":[144],"density":[145],"estimation":[146],"mitigate":[148],"disruptive":[150],"impacts":[151],"attacks.":[156],"Test":[157],"show":[159],"that":[160],"defensive":[162],"help":[165],"maintain":[166],"AVC":[171],"system,":[172],"even":[173],"under":[174],"heavy":[175],"loading.":[177]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":36},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":34},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}