{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2809047367","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2017.2766880","title":"Hierarchical Control of Residential HVAC Units for Primary Frequency Regulation","display_name":"Hierarchical Control of Residential HVAC Units for Primary Frequency Regulation","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-10-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2809047367","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2017.2766880","mag":"2809047367"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2017.2766880","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2017.2766880","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101531743","display_name":"Xiaoyu Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0505-5644"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoyu Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering Beijing Jiaotong University Beijing China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering Beijing Jiaotong University Beijing China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100601606","display_name":"Jinghan He","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4210-955X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jinghan He","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering Beijing Jiaotong University Beijing China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering Beijing Jiaotong University Beijing China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059408070","display_name":"Yin Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0945-9024"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yin Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering Beijing Jiaotong University Beijing China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering Beijing Jiaotong University Beijing China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101417443","display_name":"Jian Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7524-4219"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jian Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["[Department of Electrical Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Electrical Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100432414","display_name":"Ning L\u00fc","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0125-0653"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ning Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["[Department of Electrical Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Electrical Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100346022","display_name":"Xiaojun Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3868-5642"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaojun Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering Beijing Jiaotong University Beijing China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering Beijing Jiaotong University Beijing China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101531743"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.4122,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":116,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9630949,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"4","first_page":"3844","last_page":"3856"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9736999869346619,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hvac","display_name":"HVAC","score":0.9505419731140137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/news-aggregator","display_name":"News aggregator","score":0.7223822474479675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/controller","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","score":0.5610926747322083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/air-conditioning","display_name":"Air conditioning","score":0.5231755375862122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automatic-frequency-control","display_name":"Automatic frequency control","score":0.4879881739616394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.4822438657283783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-engineering","display_name":"Control engineering","score":0.45232850313186646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.4521479904651642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demand-response","display_name":"Demand response","score":0.43434062600135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/load-management","display_name":"Load management","score":0.41908273100852966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3920476734638214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.3918038010597229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.14356496930122375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electricity","display_name":"Electricity","score":0.13483065366744995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.09687811136245728}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122346748","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1798773","display_name":"HVAC","level":3,"score":0.9505419731140137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180505990","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q498267","display_name":"News aggregator","level":2,"score":0.7223822474479675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203479927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","level":2,"score":0.5610926747322083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103742991","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173725","display_name":"Air conditioning","level":2,"score":0.5231755375862122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25915539","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220786","display_name":"Automatic frequency control","level":2,"score":0.4879881739616394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.4822438657283783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.45232850313186646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.4521479904651642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779438525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5255048","display_name":"Demand response","level":3,"score":0.43434062600135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779370713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q357554","display_name":"Load management","level":2,"score":0.41908273100852966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3920476734638214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.3918038010597229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.14356496930122375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206658404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12725","display_name":"Electricity","level":2,"score":0.13483065366744995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.09687811136245728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2017.2766880","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2017.2766880","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5400000214576721,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2222812435","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2015YJS159","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","funder_display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335787","display_name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1831481190","https://openalex.org/W1834213684","https://openalex.org/W1967346783","https://openalex.org/W1967831571","https://openalex.org/W2001721531","https://openalex.org/W2007478227","https://openalex.org/W2014131339","https://openalex.org/W2027270344","https://openalex.org/W2061298327","https://openalex.org/W2068929682","https://openalex.org/W2079536685","https://openalex.org/W2090359259","https://openalex.org/W2105653794","https://openalex.org/W2160327646","https://openalex.org/W2162230409","https://openalex.org/W2167871637","https://openalex.org/W2180199879","https://openalex.org/W2223620862","https://openalex.org/W2309461466","https://openalex.org/W2325351688","https://openalex.org/W2460455176","https://openalex.org/W2486434592","https://openalex.org/W2510830098","https://openalex.org/W2521116880","https://openalex.org/W2542151656","https://openalex.org/W2561943498","https://openalex.org/W2587830780","https://openalex.org/W2604409470","https://openalex.org/W3143918901","https://openalex.org/W6638467187","https://openalex.org/W6639087298","https://openalex.org/W6689004578","https://openalex.org/W6722707910","https://openalex.org/W6726677816","https://openalex.org/W6733440097","https://openalex.org/W6736199443"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4226431440","https://openalex.org/W3131627313","https://openalex.org/W3012323502","https://openalex.org/W2939108172","https://openalex.org/W3046697705","https://openalex.org/W2906194504","https://openalex.org/W3120091246","https://openalex.org/W3093688972","https://openalex.org/W4310175861","https://openalex.org/W2372894258"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"a":[3,28,31,35,47,53,71],"hierarchical":[4],"control":[5,24,133,150,162,171],"framework":[6,134],"for":[7,45],"implementing":[8,91],"primary":[9,59],"frequency":[10,73,122],"regulation":[11],"(PFR)":[12],"by":[13,69,123,146],"using":[14],"residential":[15],"heating,":[16],"ventilating,":[17],"and":[18,34],"air-conditioning":[19],"(HVAC)":[20],"loads.":[21],"The":[22,40,62,93,131,141],"proposed":[23,113,132,149],"system":[25],"consists":[26],"of":[27,37,49,100,128],"load":[29,41],"aggregator,":[30],"central":[32,63,161],"controller,":[33],"group":[36],"local":[38,94,170],"controllers.":[39],"aggregator":[42],"is":[43,81,112],"responsible":[44],"managing":[46],"population":[48],"HVAC":[50,67,76,88,101,129,155],"loads":[51,68],"as":[52],"virtual":[54],"generator":[55],"to":[56,74,83,114],"participate":[57],"in":[58,118],"reserve":[60],"market.":[61],"controller":[64],"dispatches":[65],"the":[66,97,116,119,138,148,160,169],"assigning":[70],"triggering":[72,107,121],"each":[75],"load.":[77],"A":[78,109],"temperature-priority-list":[79],"method":[80],"applied":[82],"avoid":[84],"frequent":[85],"switching":[86],"on/off":[87],"units":[89,102,156],"when":[90],"PFR.":[92],"controllers":[95],"determine":[96],"ON/OFF":[98,126],"status":[99],"autonomously":[103],"based":[104],"on":[105],"their":[106],"frequencies.":[108],"self-adjustment":[110],"algorithm":[111],"correct":[115],"error":[117],"assigned":[120],"considering":[124],"minimum":[125],"time":[127],"units.":[130],"can":[135,153],"significantly":[136],"reduce":[137],"communication":[139],"needs.":[140],"simulation":[142],"results":[143],"indicate":[144],"that":[145],"adopting":[147],"framework,":[151],"one":[152],"dispatch":[154],"more":[157],"efficiently":[158],"at":[159,168],"level":[163],"while":[164],"achieve":[165],"fast":[166],"response":[167],"level.":[172]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-02T15:55:50.835912","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}