{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2612796499","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2017.2702125","title":"CCPA: Coordinated Cyber-Physical Attacks and Countermeasures in Smart Grid","display_name":"CCPA: Coordinated Cyber-Physical Attacks and Countermeasures in Smart Grid","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-05-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2612796499","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2017.2702125","mag":"2612796499"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2017.2702125","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2017.2702125","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083185861","display_name":"Ruilong Deng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8158-150X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154425047","display_name":"University of Alberta","ror":"https://ror.org/0160cpw27","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruilong Deng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044331074","display_name":"Peng Zhuang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9132-1392"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154425047","display_name":"University of Alberta","ror":"https://ror.org/0160cpw27","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peng Zhuang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045601379","display_name":"Hao Liang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7010-4540"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154425047","display_name":"University of Alberta","ror":"https://ror.org/0160cpw27","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":12.4867,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":218,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99084484,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"5","first_page":"2420","last_page":"2430"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10305","display_name":"Power System Optimization and Stability","score":0.9848999977111816,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9847000241279602,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-grid","display_name":"Smart grid","score":0.7908362150192261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyber-physical-system","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","score":0.7371967434883118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5745288133621216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.4944760799407959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phasor","display_name":"Phasor","score":0.48949992656707764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversary","display_name":"Adversary","score":0.4709899127483368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leverage","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","score":0.46590930223464966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-power-system","display_name":"Electric power system","score":0.46438583731651306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.44377249479293823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phasor-measurement-unit","display_name":"Phasor measurement unit","score":0.42307668924331665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.39920878410339355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.37692791223526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.34210991859436035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.3345777988433838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.32046979665756226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.24458780884742737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.12683984637260437}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10558101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855","display_name":"Smart grid","level":2,"score":0.7908362150192261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179768478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120057","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","level":2,"score":0.7371967434883118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5745288133621216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4944760799407959},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176605952","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q827674","display_name":"Phasor","level":4,"score":0.48949992656707764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41065033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2825412","display_name":"Adversary","level":2,"score":0.4709899127483368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.46590930223464966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.46438583731651306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.44377249479293823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778229166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8290","display_name":"Phasor measurement unit","level":5,"score":0.42307668924331665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.39920878410339355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.37692791223526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.34210991859436035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3345777988433838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.32046979665756226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.24458780884742737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.12683984637260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2017.2702125","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2017.2702125","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.6600000262260437}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W243364245","https://openalex.org/W1495373176","https://openalex.org/W1549700940","https://openalex.org/W1598852905","https://openalex.org/W1964930223","https://openalex.org/W1968676143","https://openalex.org/W1976651987","https://openalex.org/W2005028112","https://openalex.org/W2008668719","https://openalex.org/W2010739835","https://openalex.org/W2037772521","https://openalex.org/W2074513827","https://openalex.org/W2079428693","https://openalex.org/W2083852337","https://openalex.org/W2092958856","https://openalex.org/W2101060125","https://openalex.org/W2104523419","https://openalex.org/W2106242065","https://openalex.org/W2106424475","https://openalex.org/W2106467270","https://openalex.org/W2107267079","https://openalex.org/W2108906138","https://openalex.org/W2120639391","https://openalex.org/W2122559297","https://openalex.org/W2128713393","https://openalex.org/W2130197044","https://openalex.org/W2143298176","https://openalex.org/W2153561032","https://openalex.org/W2159682313","https://openalex.org/W2167401472","https://openalex.org/W2318209144","https://openalex.org/W2340384825","https://openalex.org/W2344383225","https://openalex.org/W2439424908","https://openalex.org/W2515527499","https://openalex.org/W2517303124","https://openalex.org/W2525022545","https://openalex.org/W2526466618","https://openalex.org/W3167824334","https://openalex.org/W4214484041","https://openalex.org/W6609413134","https://openalex.org/W6659897306","https://openalex.org/W6718803878"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2564500233","https://openalex.org/W2028471916","https://openalex.org/W2766771072","https://openalex.org/W2027377403","https://openalex.org/W2947261585","https://openalex.org/W2096980798","https://openalex.org/W2547260311","https://openalex.org/W1589114377","https://openalex.org/W2154842468","https://openalex.org/W1538400183"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Smart":[0],"grid,":[1,28],"as":[2],"one":[3],"of":[4,15,24,39,94,143,157,170,178],"the":[5,92,123,132,140,151,158,164,176,190],"most":[6],"critical":[7],"infrastructures,":[8],"is":[9,41],"vulnerable":[10],"to":[11,26,42,46,90,127,138],"a":[12,21,77],"wide":[13],"variety":[14],"cyber":[16,44,152],"and/or":[17],"physical":[18,48,95,165],"attacks.":[19],"Recently,":[20],"new":[22],"category":[23],"threats":[25],"smart":[27,67,173],"named":[29],"coordinated":[30],"cyber-physical":[31],"attacks":[32,45,49],"(CCPAs),":[33],"are":[34,136,180],"emerging.":[35],"A":[36],"key":[37],"feature":[38],"CCPAs":[40,65,100,171],"leverage":[43],"mask":[47],"which":[50],"can":[51,74],"cause":[52],"power":[53,159,187,199],"outages":[54],"and":[55,69,117,121,154,175,189,196],"potentially":[56],"trigger":[57],"cascading":[58],"failures.":[59],"In":[60],"this":[61],"paper,":[62],"we":[63,110],"investigate":[64],"in":[66,172],"grid":[68,174],"show":[70],"that":[71,99],"an":[72,184],"adversary":[73],"carefully":[75],"synthesize":[76],"false":[78],"data":[79,104],"injection":[80],"attack":[81,96],"vector":[82],"based":[83],"on":[84,131],"phasor":[85],"measurement":[86,148],"unit":[87],"(PMU)":[88],"measurements":[89],"neutralize":[91],"impact":[93],"vector,":[97],"such":[98],"could":[101],"circumvent":[102],"bad":[103],"detection":[105],"without":[106],"being":[107],"detected.":[108],"Specifically,":[109],"present":[111],"two":[112,141],"potential":[113],"CCPAs,":[114,119,144],"namely":[115],"replay":[116],"optimized":[118],"respectively,":[120],"analyze":[122],"adversary's":[124],"required":[125],"capability":[126],"construct":[128],"them.":[129],"Based":[130],"analytical":[133],"results,":[134],"countermeasures":[135,179],"proposed":[137],"detect":[139],"kinds":[142],"through":[145],"known-secure":[146],"PMU":[147],"verification":[149],"(in":[150,163],"space)":[153],"online":[155],"tracking":[156],"system":[160,188],"equivalent":[161],"impedance":[162],"space),":[166],"respectively.":[167],"The":[168],"implementation":[169],"effectiveness":[177],"demonstrated":[181],"by":[182],"using":[183],"illustrative":[185],"4-bus":[186],"IEEE":[191],"9-bus,":[192],"14-bus,":[193],"30-bus,":[194],"118-bus,":[195],"300-bus":[197],"test":[198],"systems.":[200]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-16T13:24:37.021932","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
