{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2607993497","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2017.2697823","title":"Risk of Cyber-Physical Attack via Load With Emulated Inertia Control","display_name":"Risk of Cyber-Physical Attack via Load With Emulated Inertia Control","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-04-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2607993497","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2017.2697823","mag":"2607993497"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2017.2697823","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2017.2697823","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053357441","display_name":"Hilary E. Brown","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7929-167X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hilary E. Brown","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison, Madison, WI, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7929-167X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison, Madison, WI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054719610","display_name":"Christopher L. DeMarco","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8817-9804"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135310074","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison","ror":"https://ror.org/01y2jtd41","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher L. Demarco","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison, Madison, WI, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison, Madison, WI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135310074"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.174,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":38,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91919445,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"6","first_page":"5854","last_page":"5866"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12495","display_name":"Electrostatic Discharge in Electronics","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12122","display_name":"Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) and Hardware Security","score":0.9817000031471252,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-power-system","display_name":"Electric power system","score":0.6664342284202576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tripping","display_name":"Tripping","score":0.6632607579231262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.574989378452301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inertia","display_name":"Inertia","score":0.5030214190483093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyber-physical-system","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","score":0.48625314235687256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generator","display_name":"Generator (circuit theory)","score":0.4775981903076172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work","display_name":"Work (physics)","score":0.44913944602012634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.43858277797698975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-system","display_name":"Control system","score":0.43125879764556885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relay","display_name":"Relay","score":0.41859152913093567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","score":0.4160851538181305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.41337308287620544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.34628501534461975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.30115848779678345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.30016028881073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/circuit-breaker","display_name":"Circuit breaker","score":0.12175226211547852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.10690245032310486}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.6664342284202576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779733308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17146464","display_name":"Tripping","level":3,"score":0.6632607579231262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.574989378452301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110407247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q122508","display_name":"Inertia","level":2,"score":0.5030214190483093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179768478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120057","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","level":2,"score":0.48625314235687256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780992000","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17016113","display_name":"Generator (circuit theory)","level":3,"score":0.4775981903076172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.44913944602012634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.43858277797698975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17500928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959968","display_name":"Control system","level":2,"score":0.43125879764556885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778156585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174053","display_name":"Relay","level":3,"score":0.41859152913093567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4160851538181305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.41337308287620544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.34628501534461975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.30115848779678345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.30016028881073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61352017","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211058","display_name":"Circuit breaker","level":2,"score":0.12175226211547852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.10690245032310486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74650414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397","display_name":"Classical mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2017.2697823","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2017.2697823","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338292","display_name":"Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/02jbv0t02"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W83533993","https://openalex.org/W162580186","https://openalex.org/W200913688","https://openalex.org/W798057102","https://openalex.org/W1557652964","https://openalex.org/W1599867512","https://openalex.org/W1859406521","https://openalex.org/W1975272849","https://openalex.org/W1975674032","https://openalex.org/W1981321957","https://openalex.org/W1986598187","https://openalex.org/W1987806716","https://openalex.org/W1991888638","https://openalex.org/W1993036147","https://openalex.org/W1994749393","https://openalex.org/W1997567239","https://openalex.org/W2003530067","https://openalex.org/W2010973666","https://openalex.org/W2013376616","https://openalex.org/W2016617706","https://openalex.org/W2035221773","https://openalex.org/W2036033662","https://openalex.org/W2037679760","https://openalex.org/W2042615200","https://openalex.org/W2051054517","https://openalex.org/W2056684756","https://openalex.org/W2066673478","https://openalex.org/W2069038223","https://openalex.org/W2088985796","https://openalex.org/W2097271149","https://openalex.org/W2101457322","https://openalex.org/W2104505970","https://openalex.org/W2105275479","https://openalex.org/W2105582581","https://openalex.org/W2116664517","https://openalex.org/W2126353214","https://openalex.org/W2142419179","https://openalex.org/W2143842190","https://openalex.org/W2151389342","https://openalex.org/W2156152597","https://openalex.org/W2223611961","https://openalex.org/W2504677166","https://openalex.org/W6606514554","https://openalex.org/W6633225830","https://openalex.org/W6643988512","https://openalex.org/W6648487054","https://openalex.org/W6653652110","https://openalex.org/W6659643778","https://openalex.org/W6661173792","https://openalex.org/W6688903529","https://openalex.org/W7046720325"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4390465888","https://openalex.org/W2576428960","https://openalex.org/W2348657577","https://openalex.org/W2371866616","https://openalex.org/W314499628","https://openalex.org/W2054734788","https://openalex.org/W4400549976","https://openalex.org/W2611919020","https://openalex.org/W2355991881","https://openalex.org/W2115304556"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,32],"intrinsic":[1],"electromechanical":[2],"coupling":[3],"of":[4,15,51,61,84,124,185,187,189],"power":[5,10,173],"and":[6,49,82,153,182,204],"frequency":[7,190],"across":[8],"a":[9,98],"system":[11,87,119],"creates":[12],"the":[13,20,29,80,85,122,129,140,154,172],"possibility":[14],"indirect":[16],"cyber-physical":[17],"attacks,":[18],"where":[19,156],"attack's":[21],"impact":[22],"occurs":[23],"at":[24],"locations":[25],"far":[26],"removed":[27],"from":[28],"intrusion":[30],"point.":[31],"work":[33,67,130],"here":[34],"explores":[35],"this":[36],"vulnerability,":[37],"demonstrating":[38],"mechanisms":[39],"by":[40,53],"which":[41,110,133],"an":[42,54,105,134],"attacker":[43,135],"could":[44],"cause":[45],"system-wide":[46],"unstable":[47],"oscillations":[48,146],"trips":[50],"generators,":[52],"attack":[55],"altering":[56],"only":[57],"local":[58],"control":[59,70,74,158,170],"characteristics":[60],"customer":[62],"loads.":[63],"This":[64],"extends":[65],"previous":[66],"on":[68],"malicious":[69,169],"in":[71,76,97,109,201],"generator":[72,92],"governor":[73],"loops":[75],"three":[77],"ways.":[78],"First,":[79],"fidelity":[81],"size":[83],"study":[86,104],"is":[88],"improved,":[89],"with":[90,175],"each":[91],"represented":[93],"via":[94],"detailed":[95],"models":[96],"non-linear":[99],"dynamic":[100],"simulation.":[101],"Second,":[102],"we":[103],"increasingly":[106],"plausible":[107],"attack,":[108],"loads":[111],"(prior":[112],"to":[113,117,138,143],"attack)":[114],"are":[115,195],"enlisted":[116],"enhance":[118],"stability":[120],"through":[121,149],"exercise":[123],"emulated":[125],"inertia":[126],"control.":[127],"Finally,":[128],"demonstrates":[131],"methodologies":[132],"might":[136],"employ":[137],"choose":[139],"generator(s)":[141],"targeted":[142,176],"experience":[144],"large":[145,179],"(and":[147],"tripping":[148,184],"protective":[150,191],"relay":[151],"action)":[152],"locations,":[155],"compromised":[157],"systems":[159],"would":[160],"have":[161],"greatest":[162],"impact.":[163],"Nonlinear":[164],"simulation":[165],"results":[166,194],"indicate":[167],"that":[168],"destabilizes":[171],"system,":[174],"generators":[177],"experiencing":[178],"magnitude":[180],"oscillations,":[181],"probable":[183],"rate":[186],"change":[188],"relays.":[192],"These":[193],"demonstrated":[196],"as":[197],"robust":[198],"over":[199],"variations":[200],"parameters,":[202],"topology,":[203],"loading.":[205]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-06T08:01:05.025921","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}