{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2586222769","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2017.2666046","title":"A Class of Switching Exploits Based on Inter-Area Oscillations","display_name":"A Class of Switching Exploits Based on Inter-Area Oscillations","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-02-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2586222769","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2017.2666046","mag":"2586222769"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2017.2666046","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2017.2666046","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Eman Hammad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7880-6106"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eman Hammad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7880-6106","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112352543","display_name":"Ahmed Khalil","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed M. Khalil","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3722-3614","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008009973","display_name":"Abdallah Farraj","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0068-6773"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdallah Farraj","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0068-6773","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077035168","display_name":"Deepa Kundur","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5999-1847"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deepa Kundur","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5999-1847","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037767876","display_name":"Reza Iravani","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Reza Iravani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6123,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":36,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.67840958,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"5","first_page":"4659","last_page":"4668"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10305","display_name":"Power System Optimization and Stability","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10346","display_name":"Magnetic confinement fusion research","score":0.9837999939918518,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3106","display_name":"Nuclear and High Energy Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-power-system","display_name":"Electric power system","score":0.6288996338844299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oscillation","display_name":"Oscillation (cell signaling)","score":0.5781258344650269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.548622727394104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mode","display_name":"Mode (computer interface)","score":0.5306474566459656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/observable","display_name":"Observable","score":0.49179700016975403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.49042126536369324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.46102792024612427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.46008917689323425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploit","display_name":"Exploit","score":0.4475897550582886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.4150164723396301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.3820142447948456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.36209380626678467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topology","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","score":0.3432830572128296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.26392796635627747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.19996336102485657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.09734606742858887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.08774009346961975}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.6288996338844299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778439541","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7106412","display_name":"Oscillation (cell signaling)","level":2,"score":0.5781258344650269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.548622727394104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48677424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888088","display_name":"Mode (computer interface)","level":2,"score":0.5306474566459656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32848918","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845789","display_name":"Observable","level":2,"score":0.49179700016975403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.49042126536369324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.46102792024612427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.46008917689323425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165696696","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11287","display_name":"Exploit","level":2,"score":0.4475897550582886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.4150164723396301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.3820142447948456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.36209380626678467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.3432830572128296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.26392796635627747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.19996336102485657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.09734606742858887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.08774009346961975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2017.2666046","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2017.2666046","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5668261976","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RGPIN 227722","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","funder_display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334593","display_name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/01h531d29"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W616595517","https://openalex.org/W1552094772","https://openalex.org/W1578978182","https://openalex.org/W1592980365","https://openalex.org/W1602600734","https://openalex.org/W1603771045","https://openalex.org/W1763243278","https://openalex.org/W1980576005","https://openalex.org/W1990058302","https://openalex.org/W2003234161","https://openalex.org/W2019502123","https://openalex.org/W2019861006","https://openalex.org/W2022180231","https://openalex.org/W2027688150","https://openalex.org/W2038651258","https://openalex.org/W2039427951","https://openalex.org/W2042615200","https://openalex.org/W2083646602","https://openalex.org/W2111424052","https://openalex.org/W2117717723","https://openalex.org/W2119647652","https://openalex.org/W2127548576","https://openalex.org/W2134752762","https://openalex.org/W2139166653","https://openalex.org/W2156391737","https://openalex.org/W2157497550","https://openalex.org/W2161841699","https://openalex.org/W2167863042","https://openalex.org/W2246905723","https://openalex.org/W2306307750","https://openalex.org/W2757856347","https://openalex.org/W2764801147","https://openalex.org/W4205556238","https://openalex.org/W6661173792","https://openalex.org/W6679784050"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W17155033","https://openalex.org/W3207760230","https://openalex.org/W1496222301","https://openalex.org/W4312814274","https://openalex.org/W1590307681","https://openalex.org/W2536018345","https://openalex.org/W4285370786","https://openalex.org/W2296488620","https://openalex.org/W2358353312","https://openalex.org/W2372323905"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"work":[1],"presents":[2],"a":[3,25,44,58,92,118],"new":[4],"class":[5],"of":[6,31,35,51,53,65,78,87,120,130],"cyber-physical":[7],"switching":[8,43,76,103,109,113,121,133],"attacks":[9],"that":[10,61,95],"targets":[11,39],"power":[12,73,141],"transmission":[13],"systems.":[14],"The":[15,75,101],"proposed":[16,132],"approach":[17],"relies":[18],"on":[19],"exciting":[20],"inter-area":[21,40,67,102],"oscillation":[22,68],"modes":[23,69],"in":[24,71],"coordinated":[26,111],"manner":[27],"to":[28,137],"drive":[29],"groups":[30],"system":[32,55,142],"generators":[33],"out":[34],"step.":[36],"Our":[37],"paradigm":[38],"oscillations":[41],"by":[42,98],"relatively":[45],"small":[46],"part":[47],"(in":[48],"the":[49,54,66,72,79,88,99,126,131,138,144],"order":[50],"2%)":[52],"load":[56],"at":[57,91],"(low)":[59],"frequency":[60,77,89],"resonates":[62],"with":[63,117],"one":[64],"observed":[70],"system.":[74,150],"targeted":[80],"mode":[81],"is":[82,96,105,115],"chosen":[83],"through":[84],"measurement-based":[85],"analysis":[86],"deviation":[90],"select":[93],"bus":[94],"observable":[97],"adversary.":[100],"attack":[104],"implemented":[106],"as":[107],"single-load":[108],"and":[110,114,128,143],"multi-load":[112],"studied":[116],"variety":[119],"signals.":[122],"Numerical":[123],"results":[124],"show":[125],"potential":[127],"characteristics":[129],"exploitation":[134],"when":[135],"applied":[136],"four-machine":[139],"two-area":[140],"Northeast":[145],"Power":[146],"Coordinating":[147],"Council":[148],"68-bus":[149]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}