{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2570832985","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2017.2647778","title":"Applying Hoeffding Adaptive Trees for Real-Time Cyber-Power Event and Intrusion Classification","display_name":"Applying Hoeffding Adaptive Trees for Real-Time Cyber-Power Event and Intrusion Classification","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-01-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2570832985","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2017.2647778","mag":"2570832985"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2017.2647778","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2017.2647778","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054798275","display_name":"Uttam Adhikari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9624-889X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127083","display_name":"SoHaR (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/033km7y93","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127083"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Uttam Adhikari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Peak Reliability, Loveland, CO, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Peak Reliability, Loveland, CO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127083"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068153705","display_name":"Thomas H. Morris","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4854-5419"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82495205","display_name":"University of Alabama in Huntsville","ror":"https://ror.org/02zsxwr40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82495205"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas H. Morris","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4854-5419","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, AL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82495205"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005384561","display_name":"Shengyi Pan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9471-9638"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shengyi Pan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Data Engineering Team, MaxPoint Interactive, Morrisville, NC, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Data Engineering Team, MaxPoint Interactive, Morrisville, NC, USA","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.9836,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":69,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96103473,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"5","first_page":"4049","last_page":"4060"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12761","display_name":"Data Stream Mining Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12761","display_name":"Data Stream Mining Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6322555541992188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-power-system","display_name":"Electric power system","score":0.5924287438392639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyber-attack","display_name":"Cyber-attack","score":0.5751056671142578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.5697778463363647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.5581943392753601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection-system","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","score":0.530335545539856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-stream","display_name":"Data stream","score":0.47008681297302246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.4531959295272827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.36108046770095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3347790837287903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.12902909517288208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.10620957612991333}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6322555541992188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.5924287438392639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201307755","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4071928","display_name":"Cyber-attack","level":2,"score":0.5751056671142578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.5697778463363647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.5581943392753601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.530335545539856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778484313","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172540","display_name":"Data stream","level":2,"score":0.47008681297302246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.4531959295272827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.36108046770095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3347790837287903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.12902909517288208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.10620957612991333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2017.2647778","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2017.2647778","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.7200000286102295,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1506452252","https://openalex.org/W1525647652","https://openalex.org/W1560107318","https://openalex.org/W1585854823","https://openalex.org/W1651580134","https://openalex.org/W1667368742","https://openalex.org/W1963576557","https://openalex.org/W1965381672","https://openalex.org/W1971171291","https://openalex.org/W1975272849","https://openalex.org/W1977555035","https://openalex.org/W1979170328","https://openalex.org/W1991510770","https://openalex.org/W1997081029","https://openalex.org/W2001474264","https://openalex.org/W2009727399","https://openalex.org/W2011911693","https://openalex.org/W2027069555","https://openalex.org/W2037577268","https://openalex.org/W2037598904","https://openalex.org/W2037905034","https://openalex.org/W2039427951","https://openalex.org/W2041383636","https://openalex.org/W2068714596","https://openalex.org/W2074710655","https://openalex.org/W2083169843","https://openalex.org/W2083680097","https://openalex.org/W2103234848","https://openalex.org/W2117397926","https://openalex.org/W2119939946","https://openalex.org/W2121863487","https://openalex.org/W2122351531","https://openalex.org/W2135335717","https://openalex.org/W2143325120","https://openalex.org/W2154663898","https://openalex.org/W2170021941","https://openalex.org/W2320627976","https://openalex.org/W2324338818","https://openalex.org/W2556223614","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2960462215","https://openalex.org/W3003253354","https://openalex.org/W4214717370","https://openalex.org/W4235130247","https://openalex.org/W4237421257","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6633497745","https://openalex.org/W6680192438"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2357468538","https://openalex.org/W1577110157","https://openalex.org/W2355007334","https://openalex.org/W2390009783","https://openalex.org/W4254602698","https://openalex.org/W2394461323","https://openalex.org/W2349441905","https://openalex.org/W2361044160","https://openalex.org/W1483130311","https://openalex.org/W2388497169"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Electricity":[0],"transmission":[1,29],"systems":[2,7,30,44],"are":[3,9,31],"networked":[4],"cyber":[5,72,171],"physical":[6],"that":[8,218],"subject":[10],"to":[11,75,167],"many":[12],"well-known":[13],"control,":[14],"weather,":[15],"and":[16,54,71,93,112,130,140,159,170,196,230],"equipment":[17],"failure":[18],"related":[19],"contingencies":[20,111,172],"which":[21,36,61,98,235],"can":[22,37,62,99,141,163],"disrupt":[23,38],"power":[24,39,57,67,109],"delivery.":[25,40],"Cyber-attacks":[26],"against":[27],"electric":[28],"another":[32],"class":[33,202],"of":[34,80,83,107,117,190,212],"contingency":[35],"Wide":[41],"area":[42],"monitoring":[43],"(WAMSs)":[45],"enhanced":[46],"with":[47,65,143,153,207],"phasor":[48],"measurement":[49],"units":[50],"provide":[51],"high":[52,55,118],"volume":[53],"velocity":[56],"system":[58,68,96,110],"sensor":[59],"data":[60,69,73,120,127,138,146],"be":[63,100,165],"combined":[64],"traditional":[66,108,169],"sources":[70,74],"enable":[76],"real":[77,174,237],"time":[78,234,238],"detection":[79,95,156],"both":[81],"types":[82],"contingencies.":[84,214],"This":[85],"paper":[86,180],"describes":[87],"research":[88],"toward":[89],"a":[90,205,225,231],"cyber-power":[91,213],"event":[92],"intrusion":[94],"(EIDS)":[97],"used":[101,166],"for":[102,178,194,200,204],"multiclass":[103,195],"or":[104],"binary-class":[105],"classification":[106,188,203],"cyber-attacks.":[113],"The":[114],"continuous":[115,137],"streams":[116],"speed":[119],"from":[121,209],"WAMS":[122],"pose":[123],"significant":[124],"challenges":[125],"in":[126,173],"storage,":[128],"management,":[129],"handling.":[131],"Data":[132],"stream":[133],"mining":[134],"addresses":[135],"the":[136,154],"problem":[139],"deal":[142],"very":[144],"large":[145],"sizes.":[147],"Hoeffding":[148],"adaptive":[149,160],"trees":[150],"(HAT)":[151],"augmented":[152],"drift":[155],"method":[157],"(DDM)":[158],"windowing":[161],"(ADWIN)":[162],"effectively":[164],"classify":[168],"time.":[175],"Experiments":[176],"performed":[177],"this":[179],"demonstrate":[181],"HAT":[182,219],"+":[183,185,220,222],"DDM":[184,221],"ADWIN":[186,223],"provides":[187],"accuracy":[189],"greater":[191,197],"than":[192,198],"94%":[193],"98%":[199],"binary":[201],"dataset":[206],"artifacts":[208],"45":[210],"classes":[211],"Results":[215],"also":[216],"show":[217],"has":[224],"small":[226],"memory":[227],"foot":[228],"print":[229],"fast":[232],"evaluation":[233],"enables":[236],"EIDS.":[239]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-05T07:55:05.734416","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
