{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2519835108","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2016.2610582","title":"An Adaptive Markov Strategy for Defending Smart Grid False Data Injection From Malicious Attackers","display_name":"An Adaptive Markov Strategy for Defending Smart Grid False Data Injection From Malicious Attackers","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-09-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2519835108","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2016.2610582","mag":"2519835108"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2016.2610582","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2016.2610582","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/sis_research/4865","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047509839","display_name":"Jianye Hao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0422-8235"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jianye Hao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Software, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0422-8235","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Software, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044511705","display_name":"Eunsuk Kang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7891-6885"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eunsuk Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100429004","display_name":"Jun Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3545-1392"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152815399","display_name":"Singapore University of Technology and Design","ror":"https://ror.org/05j6fvn87","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152815399"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100707447","display_name":"Zan Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6173-8170"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Software, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6173-8170","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Software, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005604730","display_name":"Zhaopeng Meng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6019-5952"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhaopeng Meng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Software, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Software, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100451509","display_name":"Xiaohong Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0752-6764"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaohong Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0752-6764","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100633973","display_name":"Zhong Ming","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9310-3460"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180726961","display_name":"Shenzhen University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vy4gh70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhong Ming","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5047509839"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.6988,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":69,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90621884,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"9","issue":"4","first_page":"2398","last_page":"2408"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9728999733924866,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blackout","display_name":"Blackout","score":0.955950140953064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-grid","display_name":"Smart grid","score":0.6692987680435181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6374831199645996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5092700719833374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-process","display_name":"Markov process","score":0.4888738989830017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/load-shedding","display_name":"Load Shedding","score":0.47430184483528137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/markov-chain","display_name":"Markov chain","score":0.46851491928100586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.4409840703010559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nash-equilibrium","display_name":"Nash equilibrium","score":0.4170182943344116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3295181393623352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2867511212825775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-power-system","display_name":"Electric power system","score":0.272080659866333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.09599700570106506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.08607059717178345}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777693866","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q359099","display_name":"Blackout","level":4,"score":0.955950140953064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10558101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855","display_name":"Smart grid","level":2,"score":0.6692987680435181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6374831199645996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5092700719833374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159886148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov process","level":2,"score":0.4888738989830017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779777743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5255048","display_name":"Load Shedding","level":4,"score":0.47430184483528137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98763669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176645","display_name":"Markov chain","level":2,"score":0.46851491928100586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.4409840703010559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46814582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23389","display_name":"Nash equilibrium","level":2,"score":0.4170182943344116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3295181393623352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2867511212825775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.272080659866333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.09599700570106506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.08607059717178345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2016.2610582","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2016.2610582","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ink.library.smu.edu.sg:sis_research-5868","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/sis_research/4865","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401925","display_name":"Singapore Management University Institutional Knowledge (InK) (Singapore Management University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79891267","host_organization_name":"Singapore Management University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2016.2610582","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:ink.library.smu.edu.sg:sis_research-5868","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://ink.library.smu.edu.sg/sis_research/4865","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401925","display_name":"Singapore Management University Institutional Knowledge (InK) (Singapore Management University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79891267","host_organization_name":"Singapore Management University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2016.2610582","raw_type":"Journal Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2247969119","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61202030","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6050806737","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"71502125","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6128831011","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61304262","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W361876","https://openalex.org/W1530487017","https://openalex.org/W1542941925","https://openalex.org/W1763243278","https://openalex.org/W1819216207","https://openalex.org/W1936767485","https://openalex.org/W1972757409","https://openalex.org/W1986093326","https://openalex.org/W2033978710","https://openalex.org/W2048774648","https://openalex.org/W2058626062","https://openalex.org/W2063181669","https://openalex.org/W2068395392","https://openalex.org/W2073875457","https://openalex.org/W2103437045","https://openalex.org/W2109485736","https://openalex.org/W2116065935","https://openalex.org/W2148534455","https://openalex.org/W2153561032","https://openalex.org/W2154293313","https://openalex.org/W2159023601","https://openalex.org/W2264669358","https://openalex.org/W2497090499","https://openalex.org/W2578029466","https://openalex.org/W4233659442","https://openalex.org/W4233717556","https://openalex.org/W6600018571","https://openalex.org/W6631692333","https://openalex.org/W6693210891","https://openalex.org/W6732545200"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2066910221","https://openalex.org/W2162681100","https://openalex.org/W2802070362","https://openalex.org/W2037111501","https://openalex.org/W3126488370","https://openalex.org/W2054087328","https://openalex.org/W2734882410","https://openalex.org/W2748083280","https://openalex.org/W2766276228","https://openalex.org/W3208080506"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,119],"present":[1],"a":[2,12,45,56,105,117,124],"novel":[3],"defending":[4],"strategy,":[5],"adaptive":[6],"Markov":[7],"strategy":[8,48],"(AMS),":[9],"to":[10,32,42,44,55,69,72,94,147],"protect":[11],"smart-grid":[13],"system":[14,35,146],"from":[15],"being":[16],"attacked":[17],"by":[18,80],"unknown":[19],"attackers":[20],"with":[21,156],"unpredictable":[22],"and":[23,53,115],"dynamic":[24],"behaviors.":[25],"One":[26],"significant":[27],"merit":[28],"of":[29,62,76,84,109,126,131,136,152],"deploying":[30],"AMS":[31,71,77,143],"defend":[33],"the":[34,82,85,100,145],"is":[36,39,66,78],"that":[37,142],"it":[38],"theoretically":[40],"guaranteed":[41],"converge":[43,54],"best":[46],"response":[47],"against":[49],"any":[50],"stationary":[51],"attacker,":[52],"Nash":[57],"equilibrium":[58],"(NE)":[59],"in":[60,89,104],"case":[61],"self-play":[63],"(the":[64],"attacker":[65,92],"intelligent":[67,101],"enough":[68],"use":[70],"attack).":[73],"The":[74],"effectiveness":[75],"evaluated":[79],"considering":[81],"class":[83],"data":[86],"integrity":[87],"attacks":[88],"which":[90],"an":[91,157],"manages":[93],"inject":[95],"false":[96],"voltage":[97,102],"information":[98],"into":[99],"controller":[103],"substation.":[106],"This":[107],"kind":[108],"attack":[110],"may":[111],"cause":[112],"load":[113,153],"shedding":[114,154],"potentially":[116],"blackout.":[118],"perform":[120],"extensive":[121],"simulations":[122],"using":[123],"number":[125,135],"IEEE":[127],"standard":[128],"test":[129],"cases":[130],"different":[132],"scales":[133],"(different":[134],"buses).":[137],"Our":[138],"simulation":[139],"results":[140],"indicate":[141],"enables":[144],"experience":[148],"much":[149],"lower":[150],"amount":[151],"compared":[155],"NE":[158],"strategy.":[159]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
