{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2326002844","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2016.2552178","title":"Physical System Consequences of Unobservable State-and-Topology Cyber-Physical Attacks","display_name":"Physical System Consequences of Unobservable State-and-Topology Cyber-Physical Attacks","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-04-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2326002844","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2016.2552178","mag":"2326002844"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2016.2552178","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2016.2552178","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025910375","display_name":"Jiazi Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0440-8102"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiazi Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065366998","display_name":"Lalitha Sankar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8122-5444"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lalitha Sankar","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical, Computer, and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":14.0415,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":130,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99047453,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"4","first_page":"2016","last_page":"2025"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11005","display_name":"Radiation Effects in Electronics","score":0.9574000239372253,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12216","display_name":"Network Time Synchronization Technologies","score":0.9275000095367432,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unobservable","display_name":"Unobservable","score":0.9840146899223328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyber-physical-system","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","score":0.7836169004440308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topology","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","score":0.6881657838821411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-topology","display_name":"Network topology","score":0.6829589605331421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5701983571052551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-system","display_name":"Physical system","score":0.5073105692863464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.5029017329216003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.37270718812942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.32101044058799744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.30255550146102905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.25509968400001526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.13475802540779114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.09347045421600342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.06301409006118774}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780695315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3799040","display_name":"Unobservable","level":2,"score":0.9840146899223328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179768478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120057","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","level":2,"score":0.7836169004440308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184720557","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7825049","display_name":"Topology (electrical circuits)","level":2,"score":0.6881657838821411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199845137","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q145490","display_name":"Network topology","level":2,"score":0.6829589605331421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5701983571052551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116672817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1454986","display_name":"Physical system","level":2,"score":0.5073105692863464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.5029017329216003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.37270718812942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.32101044058799744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.30255550146102905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.25509968400001526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.13475802540779114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.09347045421600342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.06301409006118774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2016.2552178","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2016.2552178","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7915152053","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"CNS-1449080","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1598852905","https://openalex.org/W2003190831","https://openalex.org/W2005028112","https://openalex.org/W2022810949","https://openalex.org/W2032548422","https://openalex.org/W2061207936","https://openalex.org/W2064111006","https://openalex.org/W2108906138","https://openalex.org/W2122559297","https://openalex.org/W2123575451","https://openalex.org/W2127691571","https://openalex.org/W2152728520","https://openalex.org/W2153561032","https://openalex.org/W2230317998"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2994120531","https://openalex.org/W2108326965","https://openalex.org/W2086962923","https://openalex.org/W2756692340","https://openalex.org/W3099113830","https://openalex.org/W4229048927","https://openalex.org/W190251865","https://openalex.org/W3017360834","https://openalex.org/W2133522624","https://openalex.org/W4301217304"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1,73],"studies":[2],"the":[3,25,55,76],"physical":[4,35],"consequences":[5],"of":[6,9,24,54],"a":[7,22,34,42,52],"class":[8],"unobservable":[10,65],"state-and-topology":[11,66],"cyber-physical":[12,67],"attacks":[13,68],"in":[14,51,71],"which":[15,46],"both":[16],"state":[17],"and":[18,84],"topology":[19],"data":[20],"for":[21],"sub-network":[23],"network":[26,56],"are":[27],"changed":[28],"by":[29],"an":[30],"attacker":[31],"to":[32,48,81],"mask":[33],"attack.":[36],"The":[37],"problem":[38],"is":[39,62],"formulated":[40],"as":[41,69],"two-stage":[43],"optimization":[44],"problem,":[45],"aims":[47],"cause":[49],"overload":[50],"line":[53,82],"with":[57],"limited":[58],"attack":[59],"resources.":[60],"It":[61],"shown":[63],"that":[64],"studied":[70],"this":[72],"can":[74],"make":[75],"system":[77],"operation":[78],"more":[79],"vulnerable":[80],"outages":[83],"failures.":[85]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
