{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2345249859","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2015.2483506","title":"Cluster Control of Heterogeneous Thermostatically Controlled Loads Using Tracer Devices","display_name":"Cluster Control of Heterogeneous Thermostatically Controlled Loads Using Tracer Devices","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2345249859","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2015.2483506","mag":"2345249859"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2015.2483506","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2015.2483506","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084362353","display_name":"Sandro Iacovella","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3088-3479"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Sandro Iacovella","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030042447","display_name":"Frederik Ruelens","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5637-2431"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Frederik Ruelens","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048970487","display_name":"P. Vingerhoets","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5333-5523"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pieter Vingerhoets","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078508556","display_name":"Bert Claessens","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6116-1483"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I68522396","display_name":"Flemish Institute for Technological Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04gq0w522","country_code":"BE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I68522396"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bert Claessens","raw_affiliation_strings":["Energy Department, Research Institute VITO, Mol, Belgium"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Energy Department, Research Institute VITO, Mol, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68522396"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024462942","display_name":"Geert Deconinck","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2225-3987"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","display_name":"KU Leuven","ror":"https://ror.org/05f950310","country_code":"BE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Geert Deconinck","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5084362353"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.5512,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":64,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93417804,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"9"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11052","display_name":"Energy Load and Power Forecasting","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.9858999848365784,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6205207705497742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transient","display_name":"Transient (computer programming)","score":0.5653892159461975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster","display_name":"Cluster (spacecraft)","score":0.49256664514541626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population","display_name":"Population","score":0.4820455014705658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/steady-state","display_name":"Steady state (chemistry)","score":0.44884830713272095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.4109788239002228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.3562988042831421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.3378923535346985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.24818596243858337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1298009753227234}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6205207705497742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780799671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17087362","display_name":"Transient (computer programming)","level":2,"score":0.5653892159461975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164866538","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367351","display_name":"Cluster (spacecraft)","level":2,"score":0.49256664514541626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.4820455014705658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8171440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q903414","display_name":"Steady state (chemistry)","level":2,"score":0.44884830713272095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.4109788239002228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.3562988042831421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.3378923535346985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.24818596243858337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1298009753227234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147789679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11372","display_name":"Physical chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2015.2483506","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2015.2483506","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:lirias2repo.kuleuven.be:123456789/523421","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://lirias.kuleuven.be/bitstream/123456789/523421/4/2017IEEE_TSG_SIacovella_07303968.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401954","display_name":"Lirias (KU Leuven)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I99464096","host_organization_name":"KU Leuven","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99464096"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 8 (2), (528-536)","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.7400000095367432}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1503428021","https://openalex.org/W1577352482","https://openalex.org/W1603472540","https://openalex.org/W1626155273","https://openalex.org/W1787290749","https://openalex.org/W1939687578","https://openalex.org/W1973830370","https://openalex.org/W1979029747","https://openalex.org/W1980303097","https://openalex.org/W1997644999","https://openalex.org/W1999684212","https://openalex.org/W1999913837","https://openalex.org/W2009022268","https://openalex.org/W2010456034","https://openalex.org/W2020373259","https://openalex.org/W2022935688","https://openalex.org/W2043282011","https://openalex.org/W2045430534","https://openalex.org/W2056119134","https://openalex.org/W2069353545","https://openalex.org/W2091174673","https://openalex.org/W2091510875","https://openalex.org/W2099934654","https://openalex.org/W2108152153","https://openalex.org/W2110330152","https://openalex.org/W2118896162","https://openalex.org/W2125082624","https://openalex.org/W2126709108","https://openalex.org/W2133609801","https://openalex.org/W2156790188","https://openalex.org/W2158775595","https://openalex.org/W2167871637","https://openalex.org/W2174209625","https://openalex.org/W2181681996","https://openalex.org/W2184468295","https://openalex.org/W2247017865","https://openalex.org/W2327685928","https://openalex.org/W2535577738","https://openalex.org/W2550717680","https://openalex.org/W2552792841","https://openalex.org/W2571892703","https://openalex.org/W4241780302","https://openalex.org/W6636315716","https://openalex.org/W6638009852","https://openalex.org/W6640828131","https://openalex.org/W6685775293","https://openalex.org/W6686279822"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2358137648","https://openalex.org/W2159465694","https://openalex.org/W2106512568","https://openalex.org/W2077550944","https://openalex.org/W2030822348","https://openalex.org/W2890578400","https://openalex.org/W2896281715","https://openalex.org/W1964722880","https://openalex.org/W2750849650","https://openalex.org/W2151497195"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Managing":[0],"the":[1,40,48,79,109,115,119,132,144,165,170,190,194],"aggregated":[2],"demand":[3],"of":[4,8,74,82,125,131,160],"large":[5],"heterogeneous":[6,83],"clusters":[7],"thermostatically":[9],"controlled":[10],"loads":[11],"(TCLs)":[12],"is":[13,112],"considered":[14],"a":[15,31,36,59,71,92,129],"sequential":[16],"decision-making":[17],"problem":[18],"under":[19],"uncertainty.":[20],"Recent":[21],"research":[22],"indicates":[23],"that":[24,77,175],"using":[25,157],"reduced-order":[26],"models":[27],"in":[28,91,114,140,149,193],"combination":[29],"with":[30],"broadcasted":[32],"control":[33,61],"signal":[34],"offers":[35],"viable":[37],"solution":[38],"to":[39],"tradeoff":[41,133],"between":[42],"computational":[43],"feasibility,":[44],"and":[45,50,95,99,151,163],"accurately":[46],"describing":[47],"steady-state":[49,98],"transient":[51,100],"cluster":[52,81,106],"response.":[53],"In":[54,143],"this":[55],"paper,":[56],"we":[57,68],"propose":[58],"novel":[60],"strategy":[62],"based":[63],"on":[64],"tracer":[65,126,161],"devices,":[66],"which":[67],"define":[69],"as":[70,103,105],"limited":[72],"amount":[73],"virtual":[75],"TCLs":[76],"represent":[78],"entire":[80],"TCLs.":[84],"These":[85],"second-order":[86],"model":[87],"devices":[88,127,162],"are":[89,154],"identified":[90],"nonintrusive":[93],"manner,":[94],"capture":[96],"both":[97],"population":[101],"dynamics,":[102],"well":[104],"heterogeneity.":[107],"Additionally,":[108],"dispatch":[110,166,179,191],"mechanism":[111,192],"included":[113],"optimization,":[116],"further":[117],"improving":[118],"tracking":[120],"performance.":[121],"The":[122],"parameterizable":[123],"number":[124],"enables":[128],"covering":[130],"domain.":[134],"Both":[135],"approaches":[136],"have":[137],"been":[138],"evaluated":[139,155],"two":[141],"scenarios.":[142],"first":[145],"small-scale":[146],"scenario,":[147],"improvements":[148],"price":[150],"power":[152],"deviations":[153],"when":[156,188],"increasing":[158],"numbers":[159],"integrating":[164,189],"dynamics.":[167],"Results":[168],"from":[169],"second":[171],"large-scale":[172],"scenario":[173],"show":[174],"root":[176],"mean":[177],"square":[178],"errors":[180],"can":[181],"be":[182],"reduced":[183],"by":[184],"more":[185],"than":[186],"10%":[187],"resulting":[195],"high-fidelity":[196],"model.":[197]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}