{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2198139313","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2015.2442225","title":"Electric Load Classification by Binary Voltage\u2013Current Trajectory Mapping","display_name":"Electric Load Classification by Binary Voltage\u2013Current Trajectory Mapping","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-06-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2198139313","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2015.2442225","mag":"2198139313"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2015.2442225","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2015.2442225","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052534353","display_name":"Liang Du","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2663-0751"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090857","display_name":"Schlumberger (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/009m79n22","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210090857","https://openalex.org/I4210092184"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liang Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pressure Pumping and Chemistry Product Group, Schlumberger, Sugar Land, TX, USA","School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pressure Pumping and Chemistry Product Group, Schlumberger, Sugar Land, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090857"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107846607","display_name":"Dawei He","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dawei He","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5105356524","display_name":"Ronald G. Harley","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95023434","display_name":"University of KwaZulu-Natal","ror":"https://ror.org/04qzfn040","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95023434"]}],"countries":["US","ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ronald G. Harley","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA","School of Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95023434"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054979012","display_name":"T.G. Habetler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6598-2429"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas G. Habetler","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.4142,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":121,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9301832,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"1","first_page":"358","last_page":"365"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Advanced Battery Technologies Research","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6356609463691711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trajectory","display_name":"Trajectory","score":0.5606684684753418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-number","display_name":"Binary number","score":0.5243608951568604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signature","display_name":"Signature (topology)","score":0.5145654082298279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.4911610782146454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.48434674739837646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.4485694468021393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/similarity","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","score":0.44339942932128906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.4352569878101349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-domain","display_name":"Frequency domain","score":0.4224259853363037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.41529202461242676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.23875468969345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.2249201536178589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.1430169641971588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1258007287979126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.1017589271068573}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6356609463691711},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13662910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193139","display_name":"Trajectory","level":2,"score":0.5606684684753418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.5243608951568604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779696439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7512811","display_name":"Signature (topology)","level":2,"score":0.5145654082298279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.4911610782146454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.48434674739837646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.4485694468021393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.44339942932128906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.4352569878101349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19118579","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786423","display_name":"Frequency domain","level":2,"score":0.4224259853363037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.41529202461242676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.23875468969345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2249201536178589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.1430169641971588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1258007287979126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.1017589271068573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2015.2442225","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2015.2442225","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8999999761581421,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6730506642","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-EE0003911","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/01bj3aw27"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320307809","display_name":"Eaton Corporation","ror":"https://ror.org/00czndn44"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1506809288","https://openalex.org/W1554113330","https://openalex.org/W1570856727","https://openalex.org/W1592975220","https://openalex.org/W1766888123","https://openalex.org/W1964429915","https://openalex.org/W1975606057","https://openalex.org/W2001582375","https://openalex.org/W2006478669","https://openalex.org/W2023791612","https://openalex.org/W2025423356","https://openalex.org/W2035154162","https://openalex.org/W2062707341","https://openalex.org/W2063733705","https://openalex.org/W2086087296","https://openalex.org/W2087686582","https://openalex.org/W2100955315","https://openalex.org/W2115712706","https://openalex.org/W2134572726","https://openalex.org/W2151729265","https://openalex.org/W2185776701","https://openalex.org/W2328505797","https://openalex.org/W2724363679","https://openalex.org/W2912563768","https://openalex.org/W2951920181","https://openalex.org/W3100352530","https://openalex.org/W3103730413","https://openalex.org/W4307577460","https://openalex.org/W6846445555"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4323768008","https://openalex.org/W1941703695","https://openalex.org/W3131574667","https://openalex.org/W4360995134","https://openalex.org/W4248382324","https://openalex.org/W3023605104","https://openalex.org/W2039473718","https://openalex.org/W2387529410","https://openalex.org/W2383578611","https://openalex.org/W2987583674"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Characterization":[0],"of":[1,44,57,72,107,110],"electric":[2],"loads":[3,62],"provides":[4],"opportunities":[5],"to":[6,35,65,69],"incorporate":[7],"detailed":[8],"energy":[9,22],"usage":[10],"information":[11],"into":[12],"applications":[13],"such":[14],"as":[15],"protection,":[16],"efficiency":[17],"certification,":[18],"demand":[19],"response,":[20],"and":[21,41,49,63],"management.":[23],"This":[24],"paper":[25,53],"proposes":[26,64],"a":[27,70],"low":[28],"computational":[29,92],"cost,":[30],"but":[31],"yet":[32],"accurate":[33],"method,":[34],"extract":[36],"signatures":[37,78],"for":[38,83],"load":[39],"classification":[40],"characterization.":[42],"Instead":[43],"utilizing":[45],"digital":[46],"signal":[47],"processing":[48],"frequency-domain":[50,97],"analysis,":[51],"this":[52],"abstracts":[54],"the":[55,91,117],"similarity":[56],"voltage-current":[58],"(V-I)":[59],"trajectories":[60,68],"between":[61],"map":[66],"V-I":[67],"grid":[71],"cells":[73],"with":[74,95],"binary":[75],"values.":[76],"Graphical":[77],"can":[79,113],"then":[80],"be":[81,114],"extracted":[82],"many":[84],"applications.":[85],"The":[86],"proposed":[87,118],"method":[88],"significantly":[89],"reduces":[90],"cost":[93],"compared":[94],"existing":[96],"signature":[98],"extraction":[99],"methods.":[100],"Test":[101],"results":[102],"show":[103],"that":[104],"an":[105],"average":[106],"over":[108],"99%":[109],"success":[111],"rate":[112],"achieved":[115],"using":[116],"signatures.":[119]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}