{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1513720878","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2015.2432013","title":"Analyzing the Cyber-Physical Impact of Cyber Events on the Power Grid","display_name":"Analyzing the Cyber-Physical Impact of Cyber Events on the Power Grid","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-06-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1513720878","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2015.2432013","mag":"1513720878"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2015.2432013","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2015.2432013","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008974159","display_name":"Ren Ping Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7001-6305"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72951846","display_name":"Washington State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05dk0ce17","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I72951846"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ren Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA","School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72951846"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72951846"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089921239","display_name":"Ceeman Vellaithurai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2577-047X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ceeman Vellaithurai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories, Pullman, WA, USA","Schweitzer Engineering Lab, Pullman, WA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories, Pullman, WA, USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Schweitzer Engineering Lab, Pullman, WA, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032843916","display_name":"Saugata S. Biswas","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155257","display_name":"Alstom (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/0569b7y96","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36169673","https://openalex.org/I4210155257"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Saugata S. Biswas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Alstom, Redmond, WA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Alstom, Redmond, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210155257"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112453990","display_name":"Thoshitha Gamage","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87547150","display_name":"Southern Illinois University Edwardsville","ror":"https://ror.org/04cqs5j56","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801502357","https://openalex.org/I87547150"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thoshitha T. Gamage","raw_affiliation_strings":["Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville, IL, USA","Southern Illinois University , Edwardsville, IL, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southern Illinois University, Edwardsville, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87547150"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Southern Illinois University , Edwardsville, IL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87547150"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028171150","display_name":"Anurag K. Srivastava","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3518-8018"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72951846","display_name":"Washington State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05dk0ce17","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I72951846"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anurag K. Srivastava","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA","School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72951846"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Washington State University, Pullman, WA USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72951846"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":16.6974,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":244,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99306688,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"5","first_page":"2444","last_page":"2453"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11102","display_name":"HVDC Systems and Fault Protection","score":0.9878000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10305","display_name":"Power System Optimization and Stability","score":0.9815999865531921,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/testbed","display_name":"Testbed","score":0.914639949798584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/situation-awareness","display_name":"Situation awareness","score":0.734011173248291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyber-physical-system","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","score":0.7090693116188049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-grid","display_name":"Smart grid","score":0.6960983276367188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5462389588356018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-power-system","display_name":"Electric power system","score":0.5210044384002686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.4949888586997986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hardware-in-the-loop-simulation","display_name":"Hardware-in-the-loop simulation","score":0.4633304178714752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-digital-simulator","display_name":"Real Time Digital Simulator","score":0.45818275213241577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.3465868830680847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.3421294391155243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.3386189937591553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.33295655250549316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.32552915811538696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.2927098274230957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.21501591801643372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.13858333230018616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.08126789331436157}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31395832","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1318674","display_name":"Testbed","level":2,"score":0.914639949798584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145804949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q478123","display_name":"Situation awareness","level":2,"score":0.734011173248291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179768478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120057","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","level":2,"score":0.7090693116188049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10558101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855","display_name":"Smart grid","level":2,"score":0.6960983276367188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5462389588356018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.5210044384002686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.4949888586997986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70587628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1142371","display_name":"Hardware-in-the-loop simulation","level":2,"score":0.4633304178714752},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779466677","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7301084","display_name":"Real Time Digital Simulator","level":4,"score":0.45818275213241577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3465868830680847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.3421294391155243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3386189937591553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.33295655250549316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.32552915811538696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.2927098274230957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.21501591801643372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.13858333230018616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.08126789331436157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2015.2432013","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2015.2432013","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332276","display_name":"Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/03q1rgc19"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W65777728","https://openalex.org/W1770527767","https://openalex.org/W1975272849","https://openalex.org/W1980360507","https://openalex.org/W1986598187","https://openalex.org/W1996006421","https://openalex.org/W2000044792","https://openalex.org/W2009558692","https://openalex.org/W2013480770","https://openalex.org/W2027439256","https://openalex.org/W2031868251","https://openalex.org/W2038510226","https://openalex.org/W2039031036","https://openalex.org/W2053142757","https://openalex.org/W2060159318","https://openalex.org/W2070141626","https://openalex.org/W2083842017","https://openalex.org/W2128240246","https://openalex.org/W2149866817","https://openalex.org/W2257929691","https://openalex.org/W2274078970","https://openalex.org/W6602705321","https://openalex.org/W6692034225"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3089038912","https://openalex.org/W3123953333","https://openalex.org/W2741906949","https://openalex.org/W3102521113","https://openalex.org/W2565390164","https://openalex.org/W2388963760","https://openalex.org/W2019349828","https://openalex.org/W2548696730","https://openalex.org/W1987829440","https://openalex.org/W1905228564"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"ongoing":[1],"smart":[2],"grid":[3,70,155],"activities,":[4],"advancements":[5],"in":[6,105,127],"information":[7],"and":[8,24,41,44,79,100,114,133],"communication":[9,149],"technology":[10],"coupled":[11],"with":[12,91,109],"development":[13],"of":[14,26,49,61,84],"sensors":[15],"are":[16,103],"utilized":[17,104],"for":[18,142],"better":[19],"situational":[20],"awareness,":[21],"decision":[22],"support,":[23],"control":[25,112],"the":[27,36,46,53,59,128,143,153,160],"power":[28,42,54,69,154],"grid.":[29,55],"However,":[30],"it":[31],"is":[32],"critical":[33],"to":[34,122],"understand":[35],"complex":[37],"interdependencies":[38],"between":[39],"cyber":[40,50,65,125],"domains,":[43],"also":[45],"potential":[47],"impacts":[48],"events":[51,66,126],"on":[52,67,152],"In":[56],"this":[57,106],"paper,":[58],"impact":[60,151],"three":[62],"different":[63],"possible":[64],"physical":[68],"have":[71,88,136],"been":[72,89,137,157],"analyzed":[73,158],"using":[74,159],"an":[75],"integrated":[76],"cyber-power":[77,86],"modeling":[78,83],"simulation":[80],"testbed.":[81,131,161],"Real-time":[82,94],"end-to-end":[85],"systems":[87],"developed":[90,107,129],"hardware-in-the-loop":[92],"capabilities.":[93],"digital":[95],"simulator,":[96],"synchrophasor":[97],"devices,":[98],"DeterLab,":[99],"network":[101],"simulator-3":[102],"testbed":[108],"a":[110],"wide-area":[111],"algorithm":[113],"associated":[115],"closed-loop":[116],"control.":[117],"DeterLab":[118],"can":[119],"be":[120],"used":[121],"model":[123],"real-life":[124],"cyber-physical":[130],"Man-in-the-middle":[132],"denial-of-service":[134],"attacks":[135],"modeled":[138],"as":[139],"specific":[140],"cases":[141],"IEEE":[144],"standard":[145],"test":[146],"cases.":[147],"Additionally,":[148],"failure":[150],"has":[156]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":34},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}