{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2002619227","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2015.2396994","title":"Power System Reliability Evaluation With SCADA Cybersecurity Considerations","display_name":"Power System Reliability Evaluation With SCADA Cybersecurity Considerations","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-02-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2002619227","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2015.2396994","mag":"2002619227"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2015.2396994","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2015.2396994","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100444199","display_name":"Yichi Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1183-8629"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90871651","display_name":"University of Toledo","ror":"https://ror.org/01pbdzh19","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90871651"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yichi Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90871651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100629699","display_name":"Lingfeng Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1658-9860"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43579087","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Milwaukee","ror":"https://ror.org/031q21x57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43579087"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90871651","display_name":"University of Toledo","ror":"https://ror.org/01pbdzh19","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90871651"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lingfeng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA","Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Wisconsin\u2013Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90871651"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Wisconsin\u2013Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43579087"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086651883","display_name":"Yingmeng Xiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6515-1027"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90871651","display_name":"University of Toledo","ror":"https://ror.org/01pbdzh19","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I90871651"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43579087","display_name":"University of Wisconsin\u2013Milwaukee","ror":"https://ror.org/031q21x57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43579087"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yingmeng Xiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA","Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Wisconsin\u2013Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90871651"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Wisconsin\u2013Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43579087"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066504678","display_name":"Chee\u2010Wooi Ten","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9290-8926"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11957088","display_name":"Michigan Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/0036rpn28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11957088"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chee-Wooi Ten","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11957088"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100444199"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90871651"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":21.8169,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":239,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.995698,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"4","first_page":"1707","last_page":"1721"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scada","display_name":"SCADA","score":0.9547468423843384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/circuit-breaker","display_name":"Circuit breaker","score":0.6367605924606323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.618691086769104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/critical-infrastructure","display_name":"Critical infrastructure","score":0.5947137475013733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyber-attack","display_name":"Cyber-attack","score":0.5929529666900635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-power-system","display_name":"Electric power system","score":0.5737395286560059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5627252459526062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability-engineering","display_name":"Reliability engineering","score":0.5264095664024353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5252227783203125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyber-physical-system","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","score":0.5042241811752319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications-network","display_name":"Telecommunications network","score":0.4738227128982544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-grid","display_name":"Smart grid","score":0.4156635105609894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.37316012382507324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.35195791721343994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.27981483936309814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.11721658706665039}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113863187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17498","display_name":"SCADA","level":2,"score":0.9547468423843384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61352017","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211058","display_name":"Circuit breaker","level":2,"score":0.6367605924606323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.618691086769104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29852176","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q373338","display_name":"Critical infrastructure","level":2,"score":0.5947137475013733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201307755","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4071928","display_name":"Cyber-attack","level":2,"score":0.5929529666900635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.5737395286560059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5627252459526062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.5264095664024353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5252227783203125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179768478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120057","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","level":2,"score":0.5042241811752319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192126672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068715","display_name":"Telecommunications network","level":2,"score":0.4738227128982544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10558101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855","display_name":"Smart grid","level":2,"score":0.4156635105609894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.37316012382507324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.35195791721343994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.27981483936309814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.11721658706665039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2015.2396994","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2015.2396994","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:digitalcommons.mtu.edu:michigantech-p-1757","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://digitalcommons.mtu.edu/michigantech-p/765","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196391","display_name":"Digital Commons - Michigan Tech (Michigan Technological University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I11957088","host_organization_name":"Michigan Technological University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11957088"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Michigan Tech Publications, Part 1","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6299999952316284,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3623061199","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ECCS1128512","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4581131814","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ECCS1128594","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W180604521","https://openalex.org/W1486460655","https://openalex.org/W1533138781","https://openalex.org/W1968255508","https://openalex.org/W1968263736","https://openalex.org/W1968808436","https://openalex.org/W2012246208","https://openalex.org/W2012446724","https://openalex.org/W2016834768","https://openalex.org/W2022578767","https://openalex.org/W2041830596","https://openalex.org/W2041929698","https://openalex.org/W2056636551","https://openalex.org/W2077937403","https://openalex.org/W2088442609","https://openalex.org/W2097454848","https://openalex.org/W2099103357","https://openalex.org/W2100885438","https://openalex.org/W2109438750","https://openalex.org/W2113310679","https://openalex.org/W2115627802","https://openalex.org/W2116998925","https://openalex.org/W2119091749","https://openalex.org/W2126622431","https://openalex.org/W2143665444","https://openalex.org/W2146083507","https://openalex.org/W2159173139","https://openalex.org/W2790622811","https://openalex.org/W4302078459","https://openalex.org/W6607334089","https://openalex.org/W6642333326","https://openalex.org/W6653401879","https://openalex.org/W6677139208","https://openalex.org/W6845600186"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2265199518","https://openalex.org/W2215365983","https://openalex.org/W2995370509","https://openalex.org/W2184855233","https://openalex.org/W2198908836","https://openalex.org/W2060479059","https://openalex.org/W2494895348","https://openalex.org/W4229698505","https://openalex.org/W2358245908","https://openalex.org/W1968647112"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"information":[1,57],"and":[2,18,40,71,134,149,154,161,216],"communication":[3,59],"networks":[4,46,108],"are":[5,63,113,127,169,192],"highly":[6],"interconnected":[7],"with":[8],"the":[9,15,29,35,43,48,61,76,82,87,110,131,137,152,158,162,177,180,186,199,206,212,217],"power":[10,31,88,200],"grid,":[11],"cyber":[12,38,96,105,141,159,178,213],"security":[13],"of":[14,47,86,109,119,139,164,182,208,220],"supervisory":[16],"control":[17,49,81],"data":[19],"acquisition":[20],"(SCADA)":[21],"system":[22,83,89,112,190,201],"has":[23],"become":[24],"a":[25],"critical":[26,67],"issue":[27],"in":[28,37,107,185],"electric":[30],"sector.":[32],"By":[33],"exploiting":[34],"vulnerabilities":[36,156],"components":[39,106,214],"intruding":[41],"into":[42,58],"local":[44],"area":[45],"center,":[50],"corporation,":[51],"substations,":[52],"or":[53],"by":[54,94],"injecting":[55],"false":[56],"links,":[60],"attackers":[62,221],"able":[64],"to":[65,75,129,135],"eavesdrop":[66],"data,":[68],"reconfigure":[69],"devices,":[70],"send":[72],"trip":[73,117],"commands":[74],"intelligent":[77],"electronic":[78],"devices":[79],"that":[80,198],"breakers.":[84],"Reliability":[85],"can":[90],"thus":[91],"be":[92],"impacted":[93],"various":[95,167],"attacks.":[97,142],"In":[98],"this":[99],"paper,":[100],"four":[101],"attack":[102,124,132],"scenarios":[103],"for":[104],"SCADA":[111],"considered,":[114],"which":[115],"may":[116],"breakers":[118],"physical":[120],"components.":[121],"Two":[122],"Bayesian":[123],"graph":[125],"models":[126],"built":[128],"illustrate":[130],"procedures":[133],"evaluate":[136],"probabilities":[138,184],"successful":[140,209],"A":[143],"mean":[144],"time-to-compromise":[145],"model":[146],"is":[147],"modified":[148],"adopted":[150],"considering":[151],"known":[153],"zero-day":[155],"on":[157,211],"components,":[160],"frequencies":[163],"intrusions":[165],"through":[166],"paths":[168],"estimated.":[170,193],"With":[171],"increased":[172],"breaker":[173],"trips":[174],"resulting":[175],"from":[176],"attacks,":[179],"loss":[181],"load":[183],"IEEE":[187],"reliability":[188],"test":[189],"79":[191],"The":[194],"simulation":[195],"results":[196],"demonstrate":[197],"becomes":[202],"less":[203],"reliable":[204],"as":[205],"frequency":[207],"attacks":[210],"increases":[215],"skill":[218],"levels":[219],"increase.":[222]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-04-02T15:55:50.835912","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}