{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2086087296","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2014.2373314","title":"Feature Extraction for Load Identification Using Long-Term Operating Waveforms","display_name":"Feature Extraction for Load Identification Using Long-Term Operating Waveforms","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-12-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2086087296","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2014.2373314","mag":"2086087296"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2014.2373314","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2014.2373314","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052534353","display_name":"Liang Du","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2663-0751"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210090857","display_name":"Schlumberger (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/009m79n22","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210090857","https://openalex.org/I4210092184"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Liang Du","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pressure Pumping and Chemistry Product Group, Schlumberger, Sugar Land, TX, USA","School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pressure Pumping and Chemistry Product Group, Schlumberger, Sugar Land, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210090857"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085252939","display_name":"Yang Yi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7196-7153"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210091818","display_name":"Eaton (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00czndn44","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210091818","https://openalex.org/I4210139942"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Eaton Corporation Global Research and Technology Center, WI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Eaton Corporation Global Research and Technology Center, WI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210091818"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107846607","display_name":"Dawei He","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dawei He","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5105356524","display_name":"Ronald G. Harley","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95023434","display_name":"University of KwaZulu-Natal","ror":"https://ror.org/04qzfn040","country_code":"ZA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95023434"]}],"countries":["US","ZA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ronald G. Harley","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA","School of Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95023434"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054979012","display_name":"T.G. Habetler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6598-2429"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas G. Habetler","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5052534353"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444","https://openalex.org/I4210090857"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0467,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":27,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80707783,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"6","issue":"2","first_page":"819","last_page":"826"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11052","display_name":"Energy Load and Power Forecasting","score":0.9922000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waveform","display_name":"Waveform","score":0.8481909036636353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.6381638646125793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.5788904428482056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.5338265895843506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5256556272506714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5201573967933655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/root-mean-square","display_name":"Root mean square","score":0.49167996644973755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/term","display_name":"Term (time)","score":0.4883272349834442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.4732002913951874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.465739369392395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sequence","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","score":0.45213454961776733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.42396965622901917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/finite-state-machine","display_name":"Finite-state machine","score":0.4233127534389496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/square-root","display_name":"Square root","score":0.410582959651947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3760261833667755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3618365526199341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.30266034603118896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2705545425415039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.06709158420562744}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197424946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165717","display_name":"Waveform","level":3,"score":0.8481909036636353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.6381638646125793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5788904428482056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.5338265895843506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5256556272506714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5201573967933655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71907059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q223323","display_name":"Root mean square","level":2,"score":0.49167996644973755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61797465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1188986","display_name":"Term (time)","level":2,"score":0.4883272349834442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4732002913951874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.465739369392395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778112365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3511065","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","level":2,"score":0.45213454961776733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.42396965622901917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167822520","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176452","display_name":"Finite-state machine","level":2,"score":0.4233127534389496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11577676","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134237","display_name":"Square root","level":2,"score":0.410582959651947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3760261833667755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3618365526199341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.30266034603118896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2705545425415039},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.06709158420562744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2014.2373314","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2014.2373314","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6730506642","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DE-EE0003911","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","funder_display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306084","display_name":"U.S. Department of Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/01bj3aw27"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320307809","display_name":"Eaton Corporation","ror":"https://ror.org/00czndn44"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332557","display_name":"Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/04b6x2g63"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1554113330","https://openalex.org/W1569895093","https://openalex.org/W1575597416","https://openalex.org/W1592975220","https://openalex.org/W1964429915","https://openalex.org/W2001582375","https://openalex.org/W2023791612","https://openalex.org/W2025071596","https://openalex.org/W2025423356","https://openalex.org/W2069848068","https://openalex.org/W2080873595","https://openalex.org/W2086008969","https://openalex.org/W2087686582","https://openalex.org/W2115712706","https://openalex.org/W2123910460","https://openalex.org/W2131634249","https://openalex.org/W2148886532","https://openalex.org/W2151729265","https://openalex.org/W4307577460","https://openalex.org/W6633222566","https://openalex.org/W6634499289","https://openalex.org/W6846445555","https://openalex.org/W7009395703"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1974895211","https://openalex.org/W2906950246","https://openalex.org/W4241389587","https://openalex.org/W2610220566","https://openalex.org/W2061769724","https://openalex.org/W2347918039","https://openalex.org/W2016437526","https://openalex.org/W2392717426","https://openalex.org/W2069750807","https://openalex.org/W2607969196"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"introduces":[2],"a":[3,26,104],"novel":[4],"finite-state-machine":[5],"(FSM)":[6],"representation":[7],"of":[8,29,51,62,79,107,118],"long-term":[9],"load":[10,17],"operating":[11,20,88],"waveforms":[12,83,109],"for":[13,72,97],"feature":[14],"extraction":[15],"and":[16,45,54,64,74,92,126],"identification.":[18,75],"An":[19],"waveform":[21],"is":[22,33],"first":[23],"converted":[24],"into":[25],"quantized":[27],"sequence":[28],"states.":[30],"Each":[31],"state":[32],"assigned":[34],"with":[35,131],"2-D":[36],"numerical":[37,66],"values:":[38],"root":[39],"mean":[40],"square":[41],"(RMS)":[42],"current":[43],"values":[44],"staying":[46],"time":[47],"values.":[48],"A":[49],"set":[50],"elemental":[52],"states":[53,63],"events":[55],"are":[56,90,95],"defined":[57],"to":[58,68,86],"reduce":[59],"the":[60,112,122],"number":[61],"extract":[65],"features":[67,119],"represent":[69],"electric":[70],"loads":[71],"classification":[73],"Three":[76],"major":[77],"categories":[78],"repeating":[80,87],"patterns":[81],"in":[82],"that":[84,111],"correspond":[85],"actions":[89],"summarized":[91],"identification":[93],"methods":[94],"proposed":[96,123],"each":[98],"such":[99],"category.":[100],"Test":[101],"results":[102],"using":[103],"large":[105],"dataset":[106],"real-world":[108],"show":[110],"different":[113],"appliances":[114],"have":[115],"distinct":[116],"ranges":[117],"extracted":[120],"from":[121],"FSM":[124],"representation,":[125],"thus":[127],"can":[128],"be":[129],"identified":[130],"high":[132],"accuracy.":[133]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
