{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1963787339","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2014.2318375","title":"Self-Learning Load Characteristic Models for Smart Appliances","display_name":"Self-Learning Load Characteristic Models for Smart Appliances","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-07-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1963787339","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2014.2318375","mag":"1963787339"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2014.2318375","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2014.2318375","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025890766","display_name":"Bruce Stephen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7502-8129"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181647926","display_name":"University of Strathclyde","ror":"https://ror.org/00n3w3b69","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bruce Stephen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Energy & Environment, Strathclyde University, Glasgow, U.K","Electronic And Electrical Engineering"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Energy & Environment, Strathclyde University, Glasgow, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronic And Electrical Engineering","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063437022","display_name":"Stuart Galloway","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1978-993X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181647926","display_name":"University of Strathclyde","ror":"https://ror.org/00n3w3b69","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stuart Galloway","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Energy & Environment, Strathclyde University, Glasgow, U.K","Electronic And Electrical Engineering"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Energy & Environment, Strathclyde University, Glasgow, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronic And Electrical Engineering","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041028240","display_name":"Graeme Burt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0315-5919"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181647926","display_name":"University of Strathclyde","ror":"https://ror.org/00n3w3b69","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Graeme Burt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Energy & Environment, Strathclyde University, Glasgow, U.K","Electronic And Electrical Engineering"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Energy & Environment, Strathclyde University, Glasgow, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electronic And Electrical Engineering","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.9006,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":34,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91469276,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"5","first_page":"2432","last_page":"2439"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10121","display_name":"Building Energy and Comfort Optimization","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11954","display_name":"Energy Efficiency and Management","score":0.9937999844551086,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6207738518714905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/home-automation","display_name":"Home automation","score":0.6095110177993774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.6038004159927368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automation","display_name":"Automation","score":0.6037766933441162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electricity-pricing","display_name":"Electricity pricing","score":0.5775779485702515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electricity","display_name":"Electricity","score":0.5475682616233826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5027799606323242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/load-management","display_name":"Load management","score":0.4721653163433075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-pricing","display_name":"Dynamic pricing","score":0.47040611505508423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/load-profile","display_name":"Load profile","score":0.4612196385860443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-grid","display_name":"Smart grid","score":0.44763949513435364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-management","display_name":"Energy management","score":0.4182561933994293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.3649676442146301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-analysis","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","score":0.3368902802467346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operations-research","display_name":"Operations research","score":0.32163000106811523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/industrial-engineering","display_name":"Industrial engineering","score":0.3213225305080414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.22197067737579346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.21425649523735046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.17884913086891174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microeconomics","display_name":"Microeconomics","score":0.16791638731956482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electricity-market","display_name":"Electricity market","score":0.16668099164962769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.15546661615371704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.12119472026824951}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6207738518714905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C507571656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848436","display_name":"Home automation","level":2,"score":0.6095110177993774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.6038004159927368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.6037766933441162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779280359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q870344","display_name":"Electricity pricing","level":4,"score":0.5775779485702515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206658404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12725","display_name":"Electricity","level":2,"score":0.5475682616233826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5027799606323242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779370713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q357554","display_name":"Load management","level":2,"score":0.4721653163433075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779391423","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17009728","display_name":"Dynamic pricing","level":2,"score":0.47040611505508423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777908891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1806775","display_name":"Load profile","level":3,"score":0.4612196385860443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10558101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855","display_name":"Smart grid","level":2,"score":0.44763949513435364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7817414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1779504","display_name":"Energy management","level":3,"score":0.4182561933994293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.3649676442146301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.3368902802467346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.32163000106811523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13736549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4489420","display_name":"Industrial engineering","level":1,"score":0.3213225305080414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.22197067737579346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.21425649523735046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.17884913086891174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.16791638731956482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146733006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q676081","display_name":"Electricity market","level":3,"score":0.16668099164962769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.15546661615371704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.12119472026824951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2014.2318375","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2014.2318375","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:strathprints.strath.ac.uk:47542","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://strathprints.strath.ac.uk/view/author/128927.html>","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402226","display_name":"Strathprints: The University of Strathclyde institutional repository (University of Strathclyde)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I181647926","host_organization_name":"University of Strathclyde","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8299999833106995}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1273655575","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/K005316/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W65217079","https://openalex.org/W249234328","https://openalex.org/W1964381995","https://openalex.org/W1982681026","https://openalex.org/W1984560471","https://openalex.org/W1995696447","https://openalex.org/W2022255831","https://openalex.org/W2025423356","https://openalex.org/W2042569829","https://openalex.org/W2070376178","https://openalex.org/W2093135704","https://openalex.org/W2100998354","https://openalex.org/W2103704439","https://openalex.org/W2105934661","https://openalex.org/W2123910460","https://openalex.org/W2135898789","https://openalex.org/W2144445501","https://openalex.org/W2145993553","https://openalex.org/W2151729265","https://openalex.org/W2155680787","https://openalex.org/W2155937888","https://openalex.org/W2163987910","https://openalex.org/W2170013685","https://openalex.org/W2593590711","https://openalex.org/W4246202668","https://openalex.org/W4251960031","https://openalex.org/W6602620785"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2004171508","https://openalex.org/W2214762813","https://openalex.org/W1967028957","https://openalex.org/W2883300051","https://openalex.org/W3187521068","https://openalex.org/W2157254319","https://openalex.org/W2793765081","https://openalex.org/W1604410941","https://openalex.org/W2041353587","https://openalex.org/W2017228564"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"It":[0],"is":[1,69,125,169],"generally":[2],"accepted":[3],"that":[4,46,81,136,149],"if":[5,23],"dynamic":[6],"electricity":[7],"pricing":[8,60],"tariffs":[9],"were":[10,25],"to":[11,28,39,41,56,118,141],"be":[12,21,54,91,113],"introduced,":[13],"their":[14,31,87],"effectiveness":[15],"in":[16,30,71,138,153,155],"controlling":[17],"domestic":[18,163],"loads":[19],"will":[20],"curtailed":[22],"consumers":[24],"relied":[26],"on":[27],"respond":[29],"own":[32],"interests.":[33],"The":[34,120],"complexities":[35],"of":[36,51,59,75,86,108,122,130,133],"relating":[37],"behavior":[38],"load":[40,159],"price":[42],"are":[43],"so":[44],"burdensome":[45],"at":[47],"least":[48],"some":[49],"degree":[50],"automation":[52,68],"would":[53],"required":[55],"take":[57],"advantage":[58],"signals.":[61],"However,":[62],"a":[63,131,139],"major":[64],"issue":[65],"with":[66,72],"home":[67,100],"fitting":[70],"the":[73,84,126,166,172],"lifestyles":[74],"individual":[76],"consumers.":[77],"Truly":[78],"smart":[79],"appliances":[80,111],"can":[82],"learn":[83],"details":[85],"routine":[88],"operation":[89],"may":[90,112],"several":[92],"years":[93],"away":[94],"from":[95,116,161,177],"widespread":[96],"adoption":[97],"making":[98],"integrated":[99],"energy":[101],"management":[102],"systems":[103],"unfeasible.":[104],"Similarly,":[105],"usage":[106,144],"patterns":[107,154],"these":[109],"same":[110],"substantially":[114],"different":[115],"household":[117],"household.":[119],"contribution":[121],"this":[123],"paper":[124],"proposal":[127],"and":[128],"demonstration":[129],"set":[132],"probabilistic":[134],"models":[135],"act":[137],"framework":[140],"reduce":[142],"appliance":[143,173],"data":[145,160],"into":[146],"contextual":[147],"knowledge":[148],"accounts":[150],"for":[151],"variability":[152],"usage.":[156],"Using":[157],"sub-metered":[158],"various":[162],"wet":[164],"appliances,":[165],"proposed":[167],"technique":[168],"demonstrated":[170],"learning":[171],"operating":[174],"likelihood":[175],"surfaces":[176],"no":[178],"prior":[179],"knowledge.":[180]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}