{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2079428693","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2013.2245155","title":"Smart Grid Data Integrity Attacks","display_name":"Smart Grid Data Integrity Attacks","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-04-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2079428693","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2013.2245155","mag":"2079428693"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2013.2245155","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2013.2245155","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039287654","display_name":"Annarita Giani","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343871089","display_name":"Los Alamos National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/01e41cf67","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I1343871089","https://openalex.org/I198811213","https://openalex.org/I4210120050"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Annarita Giani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA","Center for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos Nat. Lab., Los Alamos, NM, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343871089"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos Nat. Lab., Los Alamos, NM, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343871089"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071680590","display_name":"Eilyan Bitar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5659-5969"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","display_name":"Cornell University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bnh6r87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eilyan Bitar","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA","Sch. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY, USA#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sch. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., Cornell Univ., Ithaca, NY, USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101868432","display_name":"Manuel Garcia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1859-7314"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manuel Garcia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA","Dept. of Mech. Eng., Univ. of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Mech. Eng., Univ. of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011886469","display_name":"Miles McQueen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800102766","display_name":"Idaho National Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/00ty2a548","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325736334","https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I2800102766","https://openalex.org/I2801818860"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Miles McQueen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, ID, USA","Idaho Nat. Lab., Idaho Falls, ID, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, ID, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800102766"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Idaho Nat. Lab., Idaho Falls, ID, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800102766"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004650986","display_name":"Pramod P. Khargonekar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6634-6950"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pramod Khargonekar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA","Dept. of Electr. Eng., Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electr. Eng., Univ. of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023927229","display_name":"Kameshwar Poolla","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6098-3537"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kameshwar Poolla","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA","Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., Univ. of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., Univ. of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5039287654"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343871089"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":41.9117,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":241,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99873442,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"3","first_page":"1244","last_page":"1253"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10972","display_name":"Power Systems Fault Detection","score":0.994700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9857000112533569,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unobservable","display_name":"Unobservable","score":0.8048027753829956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phasor","display_name":"Phasor","score":0.5520378947257996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5387502908706665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.48440223932266235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-grid","display_name":"Smart grid","score":0.47665220499038696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/units-of-measurement","display_name":"Units of measurement","score":0.47143712639808655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scada","display_name":"SCADA","score":0.45445728302001953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-power-system","display_name":"Electric power system","score":0.4425179362297058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-power-transmission","display_name":"Electric power transmission","score":0.42315980792045593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3701164722442627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.32501131296157837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2569814920425415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.24877724051475525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.1952381432056427}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780695315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3799040","display_name":"Unobservable","level":2,"score":0.8048027753829956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176605952","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q827674","display_name":"Phasor","level":4,"score":0.5520378947257996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5387502908706665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.48440223932266235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10558101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855","display_name":"Smart grid","level":2,"score":0.47665220499038696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151233233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47574","display_name":"Units of measurement","level":2,"score":0.47143712639808655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113863187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17498","display_name":"SCADA","level":2,"score":0.45445728302001953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.4425179362297058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140311924","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200928","display_name":"Electric power transmission","level":2,"score":0.42315980792045593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3701164722442627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.32501131296157837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2569814920425415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.24877724051475525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.1952381432056427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2013.2245155","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2013.2245155","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8999999761581421,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1495373176","https://openalex.org/W1598852905","https://openalex.org/W1768568563","https://openalex.org/W1930739587","https://openalex.org/W1991937403","https://openalex.org/W1992488456","https://openalex.org/W2002055996","https://openalex.org/W2005028112","https://openalex.org/W2019382218","https://openalex.org/W2033939184","https://openalex.org/W2034173307","https://openalex.org/W2035172813","https://openalex.org/W2038651258","https://openalex.org/W2044535354","https://openalex.org/W2063622163","https://openalex.org/W2071992589","https://openalex.org/W2077242850","https://openalex.org/W2084107255","https://openalex.org/W2096943410","https://openalex.org/W2112821826","https://openalex.org/W2114720692","https://openalex.org/W2115656617","https://openalex.org/W2118966355","https://openalex.org/W2123163493","https://openalex.org/W2124601766","https://openalex.org/W2161425050","https://openalex.org/W2161836078","https://openalex.org/W2162783010","https://openalex.org/W2164681195","https://openalex.org/W2165016645","https://openalex.org/W2246905723","https://openalex.org/W2439424908","https://openalex.org/W2534686717","https://openalex.org/W2963459078","https://openalex.org/W3184977117","https://openalex.org/W4214484041","https://openalex.org/W4235928728","https://openalex.org/W4248979535","https://openalex.org/W6638011281","https://openalex.org/W6691152459","https://openalex.org/W6718803878","https://openalex.org/W6799529252"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2182509182","https://openalex.org/W2125787228","https://openalex.org/W2138143921","https://openalex.org/W2102647849","https://openalex.org/W1923806246","https://openalex.org/W2547260311","https://openalex.org/W2166008706","https://openalex.org/W4244071503","https://openalex.org/W2102650188","https://openalex.org/W2582236778"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Real":[0],"power":[1,9,52,114,122,138],"injections":[2],"at":[3,213],"loads":[4],"and":[5,7,20,41,117,143,161],"generators,":[6],"real":[8],"flows":[10],"on":[11,51,124],"selected":[12],"lines":[13,125,149],"in":[14,33],"a":[15,23,71,88,137,192,221],"transmission":[16],"network":[17,25],"are":[18,31,80,150,217],"monitored":[19],"transmitted":[21],"over":[22],"SCADA":[24],"to":[26,37,58,74,97,219],"the":[27,85,109,199],"system":[28,45,139],"operator.":[29],"These":[30,67,165],"used":[32,188],"state":[34],"estimation":[35],"algorithms":[36],"make":[38],"dispatch,":[39],"re-balance":[40],"other":[42],"energy":[43],"management":[44],"[EMS]":[46],"decisions.":[47],"Coordinated":[48],"cyber":[49,196,225],"attacks":[50,69,82,101],"meter":[53,92],"readings":[54],"can":[55,166,186],"be":[56,59,167,187],"designed":[57],"undetectable":[60],"by":[61],"any":[62],"bad":[63],"data":[64],"detection":[65],"algorithm.":[66],"unobservable":[68,100,163],"present":[70],"serious":[72],"threat":[73],"grid":[75],"operations.":[76],"Of":[77],"particular":[78],"interest":[79],"sparse":[81],"that":[83,156,210],"involve":[84],"compromise":[86,110],"of":[87,91,111,121,195,202,223],"modest":[89],"number":[90,120,201],"readings.":[93],"An":[94],"efficient":[95],"algorithm":[96],"find":[98],"all":[99,148,158],"[under":[102],"standard":[103,178],"DC":[104],"load":[105],"flow":[106],"approximations]":[107],"involving":[108],"exactly":[112],"two":[113],"injection":[115],"meters":[116,123],"an":[118],"arbitrary":[119],"is":[126,205,208],"presented.":[127],"This":[128],"requires":[129],"O(n":[130,171],"<sup":[131,172],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[132,173],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">2</sup>":[133,174],"m)":[134],"flops":[135,176],"for":[136],"with":[140,170],"n":[141],"buses":[142,216],"m":[144],"line":[145],"meters.":[146],"If":[147],"metered,":[151],"there":[152],"exist":[153],"canonical":[154],"forms":[155],"characterize":[157],"3,":[159],"4,":[160],"5-sparse":[162],"attacks.":[164,197,226],"quickly":[168],"detected":[169],")":[175],"using":[177],"graph":[179],"algorithms.":[180],"Known-secure":[181],"phasor":[182],"measurement":[183],"units":[184],"[PMUs]":[185],"as":[189],"countermeasures":[190],"against":[191],"given":[193],"collection":[194,222],"Finding":[198],"minimum":[200],"necessary":[203],"PMUs":[204,212],"NP-hard.":[206],"It":[207],"shown":[209],"p+1":[211],"carefully":[214],"chosen":[215],"sufficient":[218],"neutralize":[220],"p":[224]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
