{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2065886006","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2012.2218629","title":"Using ICT-Controlled Plug-in Electric Vehicles to Supply Grid Regulation in California at Different Renewable Integration Levels","display_name":"Using ICT-Controlled Plug-in Electric Vehicles to Supply Grid Regulation in California at Different Renewable Integration Levels","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-12-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2065886006","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2012.2218629","mag":"2065886006"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2012.2218629","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2012.2218629","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030903555","display_name":"Christoph Goebel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5756-6983"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christoph Goebel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany","Tech. Univ. Munich, Munich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tech. Univ. Munich, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066926540","display_name":"Duncan S. Callaway","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3316-9008"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134446601","display_name":"Berkeley College","ror":"https://ror.org/02xewxa75","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134446601"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95457486","display_name":"University of California, Berkeley","ror":"https://ror.org/01an7q238","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Duncan S. Callaway","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA","UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95457486"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134446601","https://openalex.org/I95457486"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.8779,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":77,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97716993,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"2","first_page":"729","last_page":"740"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Advanced Battery Technologies Research","score":0.9986000061035156,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/renewable-energy","display_name":"Renewable energy","score":0.7125063538551331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment","display_name":"Software deployment","score":0.6991143822669983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheduling","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","score":0.5838687419891357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-economics","display_name":"Environmental economics","score":0.5466603636741638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.5273652672767639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electricity","display_name":"Electricity","score":0.5223677754402161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/demand-response","display_name":"Demand response","score":0.49140679836273193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4835178852081299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-grid","display_name":"Smart grid","score":0.435726135969162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plug-in","display_name":"Plug-in","score":0.43436264991760254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-engineering","display_name":"Automotive engineering","score":0.3765953779220581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operations-research","display_name":"Operations research","score":0.3355521857738495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.23609238862991333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.21696868538856506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operations-management","display_name":"Operations management","score":0.20452353358268738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.16598722338676453}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188573790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12705","display_name":"Renewable energy","level":2,"score":0.7125063538551331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105339364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740","display_name":"Software deployment","level":2,"score":0.6991143822669983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206729178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271896","display_name":"Scheduling (production processes)","level":2,"score":0.5838687419891357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134560507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q753291","display_name":"Environmental economics","level":1,"score":0.5466603636741638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.5273652672767639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206658404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12725","display_name":"Electricity","level":2,"score":0.5223677754402161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779438525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5255048","display_name":"Demand response","level":3,"score":0.49140679836273193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4835178852081299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10558101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855","display_name":"Smart grid","level":2,"score":0.435726135969162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4924752","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184148","display_name":"Plug-in","level":2,"score":0.43436264991760254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.3765953779220581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.3355521857738495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.23609238862991333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.21696868538856506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.20452353358268738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.16598722338676453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2012.2218629","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2012.2218629","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8799999952316284,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1999688255","https://openalex.org/W1999913837","https://openalex.org/W2009022268","https://openalex.org/W2010886638","https://openalex.org/W2063996928","https://openalex.org/W2077344401","https://openalex.org/W2088077079","https://openalex.org/W2101094366","https://openalex.org/W2104424294","https://openalex.org/W2128277258","https://openalex.org/W2148176343","https://openalex.org/W2153520025","https://openalex.org/W2167245050","https://openalex.org/W2213934457","https://openalex.org/W2293964325","https://openalex.org/W2686937930","https://openalex.org/W6653212239","https://openalex.org/W6672703751"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4287378204","https://openalex.org/W2981957539","https://openalex.org/W1589973774","https://openalex.org/W2171108821","https://openalex.org/W2353074559","https://openalex.org/W2074513827","https://openalex.org/W1498762745","https://openalex.org/W2402141875","https://openalex.org/W148990555","https://openalex.org/W2023642087"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,29],"purpose":[1],"of":[2,24,101,118,125,141],"this":[3],"paper":[4,30],"is":[5,134,147,154],"to":[6,15,156],"quantify":[7],"the":[8,62,82,99,123,139,164,192],"potential":[9],"for":[10,85],"plug-in":[11],"electric":[12],"vehicles":[13],"(PEVs)":[14],"meet":[16],"operating":[17],"reserve":[18],"requirements":[19,197],"associated":[20],"with":[21,46,132,158],"increased":[22],"deployment":[23],"wind":[25],"and":[26,87,104,195],"solar":[27],"generation.":[28],"advances":[31],"prior":[32],"PEV":[33,55],"estimates":[34],"in":[35,201,203],"three":[36],"key":[37,93],"ways.":[38],"First,":[39,98],"we":[40,53,69,167],"employ":[41,168],"easily":[42],"implementable":[43],"scheduling":[44,120,165],"strategies":[45,166],"very":[47],"low":[48],"centralized":[49],"computing":[50],"requirements.":[51,177],"Second,":[52,122],"estimate":[54],"availability":[56],"based":[57],"on":[58,73,174],"data":[59],"sampled":[60],"from":[61,81],"National":[63],"Household":[64],"Travel":[65],"Survey":[66],"(NHTS).":[67],"Third,":[68,151],"predict":[70],"regulation":[71,102,105,126,143,152,161,193],"demand":[72],"a":[74,116,171,187],"per":[75],"minute":[76],"basis":[77],"using":[78,115],"published":[79],"models":[80],"California":[83,202],"ISO":[84],"20%":[86],"33%":[88],"renewable":[89],"electricity":[90],"supply.":[91],"Our":[92,178],"results":[94,179],"are":[95,199],"as":[96],"follows:":[97],"amount":[100],"up":[103,153],"down":[106],"energy":[107,127,194],"delivered":[108,131],"by":[109,114,149],"PEVs":[110,133,159,184],"can":[111,129],"be":[112,130],"balanced":[113],"hybrid":[117],"two":[119],"strategies.":[121],"percentage":[124,140],"that":[128,146,181,198],"always":[135],"significantly":[136],"higher":[137],"than":[138,160],"conventional":[142],"power":[144],"capacity":[145,196],"deferred":[148],"PEVs.":[150],"harder":[155],"satisfy":[157,186],"down.":[162],"Fourth,":[163],"here":[169],"have":[170],"limited":[172],"impact":[173],"load":[175],"following":[176],"indicate":[180],"3":[182],"million":[183],"could":[185],"significant":[188],"portion-but":[189],"not":[190],"all-of":[191],"anticipated":[200],"2020.":[204]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T09:40:50.615796","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
