{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2080326549","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2012.2198499","title":"Optimizing the Roles of Unit and Non-unit Protection Methods Within DC Microgrids","display_name":"Optimizing the Roles of Unit and Non-unit Protection Methods Within DC Microgrids","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2080326549","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2012.2198499","mag":"2080326549"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2012.2198499","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2012.2198499","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013718112","display_name":"Steven Fletcher","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181647926","display_name":"University of Strathclyde","ror":"https://ror.org/00n3w3b69","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Steven D. A. Fletcher","raw_affiliation_strings":["Energy and Environment, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK","[Dept. of Electron. & Electr. Eng., Univ. of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Energy and Environment, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Dept. of Electron. & Electr. Eng., Univ. of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079537909","display_name":"Patrick Norman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8223-5086"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181647926","display_name":"University of Strathclyde","ror":"https://ror.org/00n3w3b69","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patrick J. Norman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Energy and Environment, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK","[Dept. of Electron. & Electr. Eng., Univ. of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Energy and Environment, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Dept. of Electron. & Electr. Eng., Univ. of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063437022","display_name":"Stuart Galloway","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1978-993X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181647926","display_name":"University of Strathclyde","ror":"https://ror.org/00n3w3b69","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stuart J. Galloway","raw_affiliation_strings":["Energy and Environment, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK","[Dept. of Electron. & Electr. Eng., Univ. of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Energy and Environment, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Dept. of Electron. & Electr. Eng., Univ. of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054323248","display_name":"Paul Crolla","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181647926","display_name":"University of Strathclyde","ror":"https://ror.org/00n3w3b69","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul Crolla","raw_affiliation_strings":["Energy and Environment, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK","[Dept. of Electron. & Electr. Eng., Univ. of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Energy and Environment, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Dept. of Electron. & Electr. Eng., Univ. of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041028240","display_name":"Graeme Burt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0315-5919"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181647926","display_name":"University of Strathclyde","ror":"https://ror.org/00n3w3b69","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Graeme M. Burt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Energy and Environment, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK","[Dept. of Electron. & Electr. Eng., Univ. of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Energy and Environment, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Dept. of Electron. & Electr. Eng., Univ. of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181647926"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":15.7471,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":212,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98827479,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":"4","first_page":"2079","last_page":"2087"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11102","display_name":"HVDC Systems and Fault Protection","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13183","display_name":"Islanding Detection in Power Systems","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microgrid","display_name":"Microgrid","score":0.9545542001724243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-system-protection","display_name":"Power-system protection","score":0.5741897821426392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault","display_name":"Fault (geology)","score":0.520130455493927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability-engineering","display_name":"Reliability engineering","score":0.49758413434028625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power-system-simulation","display_name":"Power system simulation","score":0.45022130012512207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4479406476020813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.43189093470573425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.4134887158870697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.4115302264690399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-power-system","display_name":"Electric power system","score":0.40799134969711304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-engineering","display_name":"Control engineering","score":0.3778589963912964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.2496757209300995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.16760694980621338}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776784348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5762595","display_name":"Microgrid","level":3,"score":0.9545542001724243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38361682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1756067","display_name":"Power-system protection","level":4,"score":0.5741897821426392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175551986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47089","display_name":"Fault (geology)","level":2,"score":0.520130455493927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.49758413434028625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116219307","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7236625","display_name":"Power system simulation","level":4,"score":0.45022130012512207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4479406476020813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.43189093470573425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.4134887158870697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4115302264690399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.40799134969711304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.3778589963912964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.2496757209300995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.16760694980621338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165205528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83371","display_name":"Seismology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2012.2198499","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2012.2198499","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.550000011920929,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1522176976","https://openalex.org/W1531102653","https://openalex.org/W1967760428","https://openalex.org/W1998684446","https://openalex.org/W2036302375","https://openalex.org/W2057864843","https://openalex.org/W2065835862","https://openalex.org/W2079628040","https://openalex.org/W2100650888","https://openalex.org/W2104685271","https://openalex.org/W2109428143","https://openalex.org/W2109501713","https://openalex.org/W2115760806","https://openalex.org/W2122328510","https://openalex.org/W2140620003","https://openalex.org/W2148895869","https://openalex.org/W2151993296","https://openalex.org/W2158017035","https://openalex.org/W2167901479","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6632037964"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1972673637","https://openalex.org/W2343483905","https://openalex.org/W2766856671","https://openalex.org/W2031065858","https://openalex.org/W2137158307","https://openalex.org/W3091362923","https://openalex.org/W2791359615","https://openalex.org/W2315510390","https://openalex.org/W2171781874","https://openalex.org/W2152290689"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,164],"characteristic":[1],"behavior":[2,115],"of":[3,27,48,64,103,112,128,142,166,172,188],"physically":[4],"compact,":[5],"multiterminal":[6],"dc":[7,28,104,113,146,180],"networks":[8,43],"under":[9,116],"electrical":[10],"fault":[11,101,117,189],"conditions":[12],"can":[13],"produce":[14],"demanding":[15],"protection":[16,50,86,122,175],"requirements.":[17],"This":[18,52,106],"represents":[19],"a":[20,81,109,173],"significant":[21],"barrier":[22],"to":[23,61,92,150,191],"more":[24,70,82],"widespread":[25],"adoption":[26],"power":[29],"distribution":[30],"for":[31,41,69,131,138,179],"microgrid":[32,72,114,181],"applications.":[33,133],"Protection":[34],"schemes":[35,66,144],"have":[36],"been":[37],"proposed":[38],"within":[39],"literature":[40],"such":[42,65],"based":[44],"around":[45],"the":[46,62,94,99,120,126,135,139,153,170,185,196],"use":[47],"non-unit":[49,129],"methods.":[51],"paper":[53,107],"shows":[54],"however":[55],"that":[56],"there":[57],"are":[58,148],"severe":[59],"limitations":[60],"effectiveness":[63],"when":[67],"employed":[68],"complex":[71],"network":[73],"architectures.":[74],"Even":[75],"current":[76],"differential":[77,143],"schemes,":[78],"which":[79,183],"offer":[80],"effective,":[83],"though":[84],"costly,":[85],"solution,":[87],"must":[88],"be":[89,151,159,192],"carefully":[90],"designed":[91],"meet":[93],"design":[95,177],"requirements":[96,123,137],"resulting":[97],"from":[98],"unique":[100],"characteristics":[102],"microgrids.":[105],"presents":[108],"detailed":[110],"analysis":[111],"conditions,":[118],"illustrating":[119],"challenging":[121],"and":[124],"demonstrating":[125],"shortcomings":[127],"approaches":[130],"these":[132,157],"Whilst":[134],"performance":[136],"effective":[140],"operation":[141],"in":[145],"microgrids":[147],"shown":[149],"stringent,":[152],"authors":[154],"show":[155],"how":[156],"may":[158],"met":[160],"using":[161],"COTS":[162],"technologies.":[163],"culmination":[165],"this":[167],"work":[168],"is":[169],"proposal":[171],"flexible":[174],"scheme":[176],"framework":[178],"applications":[182],"enables":[184],"required":[186],"levels":[187],"discrimination":[190],"achieved":[193],"whilst":[194],"minimizing":[195],"associated":[197],"installation":[198],"costs.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-26T07:53:14.480251","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
