{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2073014224","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2012.2198246","title":"Supply-Adequacy-Based Optimal Construction of Microgrids in Smart Distribution Systems","display_name":"Supply-Adequacy-Based Optimal Construction of Microgrids in Smart Distribution Systems","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-05-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2073014224","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2012.2198246","mag":"2073014224"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2012.2198246","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2012.2198246","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021912195","display_name":"Seyed Ali Arefifar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0879-0866"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1281735042","display_name":"Natural Resources Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/05hepy730","country_code":"CA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1281735042","https://openalex.org/I2802286613"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Seyed Ali Arefifar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Canmet Energy, Natural Resources Canada (NRCan), Varennes, QC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Canmet Energy, Natural Resources Canada (NRCan), Varennes, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1281735042"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035962572","display_name":"Yasser Abdel\u2010Rady I. Mohamed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4351-9457"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1281735042","display_name":"Natural Resources Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/05hepy730","country_code":"CA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1281735042","https://openalex.org/I2802286613"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yasser Abdel-Rady I. Mohamed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Canmet Energy, Natural Resources Canada (NRCan), Varennes, QC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Canmet Energy, Natural Resources Canada (NRCan), Varennes, QC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1281735042"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067515929","display_name":"Tarek H. M. EL-Fouly","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3349-417X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154425047","display_name":"University of Alberta","ror":"https://ror.org/0160cpw27","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1281735042","display_name":"Natural Resources Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/05hepy730","country_code":"CA","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1281735042","https://openalex.org/I2802286613"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tarek H. M. El-Fouly","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada","Natural Resources Canada (NRCan), Canmet ENERGY, Varennes, QUE, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Natural Resources Canada (NRCan), Canmet ENERGY, Varennes, QUE, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1281735042"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5021912195"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1281735042"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":24.4356,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":265,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99606665,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":"3","first_page":"1491","last_page":"1502"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10454","display_name":"Optimal Power Flow Distribution","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10603","display_name":"Smart Grid Energy Management","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-generation","display_name":"Distributed generation","score":0.7973473072052002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-grid","display_name":"Smart grid","score":0.7164509296417236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.654711902141571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.6529030203819275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.607475996017456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5623685121536255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microgrid","display_name":"Microgrid","score":0.5573315024375916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.5196062922477722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-power-system","display_name":"Electric power system","score":0.5123530626296997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.49852657318115234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ac-power","display_name":"AC power","score":0.48984190821647644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability-engineering","display_name":"Reliability engineering","score":0.4660538136959076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/installation","display_name":"Installation","score":0.4653725326061249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scada","display_name":"SCADA","score":0.459972620010376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-storage","display_name":"Energy storage","score":0.43330949544906616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-data-store","display_name":"Distributed data store","score":0.4116232991218567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.39677533507347107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.23339855670928955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/renewable-energy","display_name":"Renewable energy","score":0.19060704112052917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.10753986239433289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.08676967024803162}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C544738498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q861135","display_name":"Distributed generation","level":3,"score":0.7973473072052002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10558101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855","display_name":"Smart grid","level":2,"score":0.7164509296417236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.654711902141571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.6529030203819275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.607475996017456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5623685121536255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776784348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5762595","display_name":"Microgrid","level":3,"score":0.5573315024375916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.5196062922477722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.5123530626296997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.49852657318115234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108755667","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1930258","display_name":"AC power","level":3,"score":0.48984190821647644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.4660538136959076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146778888","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q836862","display_name":"Installation","level":2,"score":0.4653725326061249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113863187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17498","display_name":"SCADA","level":2,"score":0.459972620010376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73916439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837718","display_name":"Energy storage","level":3,"score":0.43330949544906616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24885549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q339678","display_name":"Distributed data store","level":2,"score":0.4116232991218567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.39677533507347107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.23339855670928955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188573790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12705","display_name":"Renewable energy","level":2,"score":0.19060704112052917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.10753986239433289},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08676967024803162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2012.2198246","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2012.2198246","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.716.9914","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.716.9914","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"https://www.nrcan.gc.ca/sites/www.nrcan.gc.ca/files/canmetenergy/files/pubs/2012-125.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.6100000143051147,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319880","display_name":"Government of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/010q4q527"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334620","display_name":"Natural Resources Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/05hepy730"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1623761495","https://openalex.org/W1971755897","https://openalex.org/W1977660476","https://openalex.org/W1985283918","https://openalex.org/W1985723726","https://openalex.org/W1989532482","https://openalex.org/W1991113286","https://openalex.org/W2031464736","https://openalex.org/W2074628584","https://openalex.org/W2082937817","https://openalex.org/W2099517607","https://openalex.org/W2100062661","https://openalex.org/W2100541511","https://openalex.org/W2101836934","https://openalex.org/W2101985453","https://openalex.org/W2104670598","https://openalex.org/W2108879240","https://openalex.org/W2113369277","https://openalex.org/W2118910576","https://openalex.org/W2121128023","https://openalex.org/W2122047502","https://openalex.org/W2122610583","https://openalex.org/W2126580627","https://openalex.org/W2132239994","https://openalex.org/W2133313914","https://openalex.org/W2136539210","https://openalex.org/W2143695659","https://openalex.org/W2145397365","https://openalex.org/W2145460317","https://openalex.org/W2153292828","https://openalex.org/W2160153311","https://openalex.org/W2161054225","https://openalex.org/W2166824378","https://openalex.org/W2168492352","https://openalex.org/W2169528473","https://openalex.org/W3137299218","https://openalex.org/W4246598646"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2355150740","https://openalex.org/W1570369983","https://openalex.org/W2906602677","https://openalex.org/W2051053503","https://openalex.org/W195896717","https://openalex.org/W3112588909","https://openalex.org/W1993958856","https://openalex.org/W3034547491","https://openalex.org/W4311032191","https://openalex.org/W4200395301"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recently,":[0],"the":[1,35,64,99,102,121,124,182,185,192,195,198],"concept":[2],"of":[3,6,19,32,52,63,70,79,98,104,123,184,197],"microgrids":[4,72,146],"(clusters":[5],"distributed":[7,20,80,107,113],"generation,":[8],"energy":[9,108],"storage":[10,109],"units,":[11],"and":[12,24,58,95,112,157,177,194],"reactive":[13,96,114],"power":[14,97],"sources":[15,115],"serving":[16],"a":[17,30,42,68,174],"cluster":[18],"loads":[21],"in":[22,150,162],"grid-connected":[23],"isolated":[25],"grid":[26,37],"modes)":[27],"has":[28],"gained":[29],"lot":[31],"interest":[33],"under":[34],"smart":[36,134],"vision.":[38],"However,":[39],"there":[40],"is":[41,171],"strong":[43],"need":[44],"to":[45,119],"develop":[46],"systematic":[47,57],"procedure":[48],"for":[49,61,133],"optimal":[50],"construction":[51],"microgrids.":[53],"This":[54],"paper":[55],"presents":[56],"optimized":[59,74],"approaches":[60],"clustering":[62],"distribution":[65,135,152,169],"system":[66,170],"into":[67],"set":[69],"virtual":[71,145],"with":[73],"self-adequacy.":[75],"The":[76,127,154,165],"probabilistic":[77,91],"characteristics":[78],"generation":[81],"(DG)":[82],"units":[83],"are":[84,117,160,200],"also":[85],"considered":[86],"by":[87,143],"defining":[88],"two":[89],"new":[90,128],"indices":[92],"representing":[93],"real":[94],"lines.":[100],"Next,":[101],"advantages":[103],"installing":[105],"both":[106],"resources":[110],"(DESRs)":[111],"(DRSs)":[116],"investigated":[118],"improve":[120],"self-adequacy":[122],"constructed":[125],"micro-grids.":[126],"strategy":[129],"facilitates":[130],"robust":[131],"infrastructure":[132],"systems":[136],"operational":[137],"control":[138],"functions,":[139],"such":[140],"as":[141,147,173],"self-healing,":[142],"using":[144],"building":[148],"blocks":[149],"future":[151],"systems.":[153],"problem":[155],"formulation":[156],"solution":[158],"algorithms":[159],"presented":[161],"this":[163],"paper.":[164],"well-known":[166],"PG&E":[167],"69-bus":[168],"selected":[172],"test":[175],"case":[176],"through":[178],"several":[179],"sensitivity":[180],"studies,":[181],"effect":[183],"total":[186],"DESRs":[187],"or":[188],"DRSs":[189],"capacities":[190],"on":[191],"design":[193],"robustness":[196],"algorithm":[199],"investigated.":[201]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":30},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":35},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}