{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2143665444","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2011.2160000","title":"Petri Net Modeling of Cyber-Physical Attacks on Smart Grid","display_name":"Petri Net Modeling of Cyber-Physical Attacks on Smart Grid","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-08-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2143665444","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2011.2160000","mag":"2143665444"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2011.2160000","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2011.2160000","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090198866","display_name":"Tom Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8037-1685"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39586589","display_name":"Swansea University","ror":"https://ror.org/053fq8t95","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39586589"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I60921084","display_name":"Avaya (Bermuda)","ror":"https://ror.org/01ye7b264","country_code":"BM","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137298","https://openalex.org/I60921084"]}],"countries":["BM","GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas M. Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK","Avaya Labs Research, Basking Ridge, NJ, USA#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39586589"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Avaya Labs Research, Basking Ridge, NJ, USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I60921084"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082332370","display_name":"Juan Carlos S\u00e1nchez-Aarnoutse","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5330-1160"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153390918","display_name":"University of Cartagena","ror":"https://ror.org/0409zd934","country_code":"CO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153390918"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3123212020","display_name":"Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Cartagena","ror":"https://ror.org/02k5kx966","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3123212020"]}],"countries":["CO","ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juan Carlos Sanchez-Aarnoutse","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Technologies and Communications, Polytechnic University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain","Dept. of Inf. Technol. & Commun., Polytech. Univ. of Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Technologies and Communications, Polytechnic University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3123212020"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Inf. Technol. & Commun., Polytech. Univ. of Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153390918"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090359550","display_name":"John Buford","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I39586589","display_name":"Swansea University","ror":"https://ror.org/053fq8t95","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I39586589"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210137298","display_name":"Avaya (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/041vyyf82","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210137298"]}],"countries":["GB","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John Buford","raw_affiliation_strings":["Avaya Laboratories Research, Basking Ridge, NJ, USA","School of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Avaya Laboratories Research, Basking Ridge, NJ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210137298"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I39586589"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":5,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":22.1287,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":251,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99464519,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":"4","first_page":"741","last_page":"749"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11125","display_name":"Petri Nets in System Modeling","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.9908000230789185,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/petri-net","display_name":"Petri net","score":0.9544224143028259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7548478841781616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.6355401277542114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process-architecture","display_name":"Process architecture","score":0.6165566444396973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyber-physical-system","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","score":0.5618269443511963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flexibility","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","score":0.5161879658699036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-grid","display_name":"Smart grid","score":0.5113003253936768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/construct","display_name":"Construct (python library)","score":0.48308613896369934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.4728268086910248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stochastic-petri-net","display_name":"Stochastic Petri net","score":0.4678761661052704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/python","display_name":"Python (programming language)","score":0.45969098806381226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.3291071951389313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.328505277633667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.14755982160568237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.08383673429489136}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38677869","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q724168","display_name":"Petri net","level":2,"score":0.9544224143028259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7548478841781616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.6355401277542114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136155141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7247260","display_name":"Process architecture","level":3,"score":0.6165566444396973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179768478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1120057","display_name":"Cyber-physical system","level":2,"score":0.5618269443511963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780598303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q65921492","display_name":"Flexibility (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5161879658699036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10558101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855","display_name":"Smart grid","level":2,"score":0.5113003253936768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392","display_name":"Construct (python library)","level":2,"score":0.48308613896369934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.4728268086910248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197551870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7617809","display_name":"Stochastic Petri net","level":3,"score":0.4678761661052704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C519991488","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28865","display_name":"Python (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.45969098806381226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.3291071951389313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.328505277633667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.14755982160568237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.08383673429489136},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2011.2160000","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2011.2160000","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:openaccess.city.ac.uk:8206","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://openaccess.city.ac.uk/view/creators_id/tom=2Echen=2E1.html>,","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401940","display_name":"City Research Online (City University London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I180825142","host_organization_name":"City, University of London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180825142"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.6499999761581421}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W615066776","https://openalex.org/W1505489763","https://openalex.org/W1550953152","https://openalex.org/W1568573127","https://openalex.org/W1606682457","https://openalex.org/W1965345099","https://openalex.org/W1972914730","https://openalex.org/W1973309971","https://openalex.org/W1980256734","https://openalex.org/W1985558427","https://openalex.org/W1993426004","https://openalex.org/W1996109622","https://openalex.org/W2002506366","https://openalex.org/W2017120539","https://openalex.org/W2020568981","https://openalex.org/W2021042716","https://openalex.org/W2030949386","https://openalex.org/W2041830596","https://openalex.org/W2055042206","https://openalex.org/W2064721589","https://openalex.org/W2086199236","https://openalex.org/W2089758604","https://openalex.org/W2096740130","https://openalex.org/W2113043487","https://openalex.org/W2113454663","https://openalex.org/W2116998925","https://openalex.org/W2117126358","https://openalex.org/W2121141821","https://openalex.org/W2122408829","https://openalex.org/W2146024157","https://openalex.org/W2158026207","https://openalex.org/W2169592938","https://openalex.org/W2270109509","https://openalex.org/W2294156055","https://openalex.org/W2295288655","https://openalex.org/W2485925142","https://openalex.org/W2489234237","https://openalex.org/W3145585884","https://openalex.org/W4247849252","https://openalex.org/W4249484115","https://openalex.org/W4255478349","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6632876648","https://openalex.org/W6681293797"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1543378523","https://openalex.org/W2257573499","https://openalex.org/W2381491984","https://openalex.org/W2064254377","https://openalex.org/W2901841247","https://openalex.org/W2148229336","https://openalex.org/W1491709828","https://openalex.org/W2159539963","https://openalex.org/W2001922003","https://openalex.org/W4244333532"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"investigates":[2],"the":[3,14,30,48],"use":[4],"of":[5,32,55,82],"Petri":[6,17,36,77,84,111],"nets":[7,18,78,85,112],"for":[8,39,122],"modeling":[9,118],"coordinated":[10],"cyber-physical":[11,62],"attacks":[12,40],"on":[13,41,126],"smart":[15,49,127],"grid.":[16],"offer":[19],"more":[20],"flexibility":[21],"and":[22,58,129],"expressiveness":[23],"than":[24],"traditional":[25],"attack":[26,125],"trees":[27],"to":[28,74,113],"represent":[29],"actions":[31],"simultaneous":[33],"attackers.":[34],"However,":[35],"net":[37],"models":[38],"very":[42],"large":[43,76],"critical":[44],"infrastructures":[45],"such":[46],"as":[47],"grid":[50],"require":[51],"a":[52,70,80,101,135],"great":[53],"amount":[54],"manual":[56],"effort":[57],"detailed":[59],"expertise":[60],"in":[61,109],"threats.":[63],"To":[64],"overcome":[65],"these":[66],"obstacles,":[67],"we":[68],"propose":[69],"novel":[71],"hierarchical":[72],"method":[73,97],"construct":[75],"from":[79],"number":[81],"smaller":[83],"that":[86,105],"can":[87],"be":[88,114],"created":[89],"separately":[90],"by":[91,100,134],"different":[92,110],"domain":[93],"experts.":[94],"The":[95,116],"construction":[96],"is":[98,120,132],"facilitated":[99],"model":[102],"description":[103],"language":[104],"enables":[106],"identical":[107],"places":[108],"matched.":[115],"new":[117],"approach":[119],"described":[121],"an":[123],"example":[124],"meters,":[128],"its":[130],"efficacy":[131],"demonstrated":[133],"proof-of-concept":[136],"Python":[137],"program.":[138]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
