{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2103058000","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2011.2159819","title":"A Resilient Real-Time System Design for a Secure and Reconfigurable Power Grid","display_name":"A Resilient Real-Time System Design for a Secure and Reconfigurable Power Grid","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-08-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2103058000","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2011.2159819","mag":"2103058000"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2011.2159819","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2011.2159819","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072730926","display_name":"Hairong Qi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2693-5520"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75027704","display_name":"University of Tennessee at Knoxville","ror":"https://ror.org/020f3ap87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hairong Qi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA","Electr. Eng. & Comput. Sci. Dept., Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electr. Eng. & Comput. Sci. Dept., Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100658019","display_name":"Xiaorui Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9633-1418"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75027704","display_name":"University of Tennessee at Knoxville","ror":"https://ror.org/020f3ap87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaorui Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA","Electr. Eng. & Comput. Sci. Dept., Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electr. Eng. & Comput. Sci. Dept., Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014930285","display_name":"Leon M. Tolbert","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7285-609X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75027704","display_name":"University of Tennessee at Knoxville","ror":"https://ror.org/020f3ap87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leon M. Tolbert","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA","Electr. Eng. & Comput. Sci. Dept., Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electr. Eng. & Comput. Sci. Dept., Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076167872","display_name":"Fangxing Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1060-7618"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75027704","display_name":"University of Tennessee at Knoxville","ror":"https://ror.org/020f3ap87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fangxing Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA","Electr. Eng. & Comput. Sci. Dept., Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Department, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electr. Eng. & Comput. Sci. Dept., Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101495341","display_name":"Fang Zheng Peng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0827-333X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fang Z. Peng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA","Electr. & Comput. Eng. Dept., Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, MI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electr. & Comput. Eng. Dept., Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102810546","display_name":"Peng Ning","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-1877-7334"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peng Ning","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA","Computer Science Department , North Carolina State University , Raleigh, NC, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department , North Carolina State University , Raleigh, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111781515","display_name":"Massoud Amin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130238516","display_name":"University of Minnesota","ror":"https://ror.org/017zqws13","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Massoud Amin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA","Electr. & Comput. Eng. Dept., Univ. of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electr. & Comput. Eng. Dept., Univ. of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5072730926"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75027704"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":11.745,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":83,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98417806,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":"4","first_page":"770","last_page":"781"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.9911999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.9871000051498413,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blackout","display_name":"Blackout","score":0.9450877904891968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-power-system","display_name":"Electric power system","score":0.5057885646820068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.48905500769615173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.4767685532569885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.4750359356403351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.4688704311847687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.4369232654571533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.42685744166374207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/critical-infrastructure","display_name":"Critical infrastructure","score":0.41675931215286255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronics","display_name":"Electronics","score":0.4131208062171936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-grid","display_name":"Smart grid","score":0.41309189796447754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.37388521432876587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.36210572719573975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.3283405303955078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.2076234221458435}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777693866","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q359099","display_name":"Blackout","level":4,"score":0.9450877904891968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.5057885646820068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.48905500769615173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4767685532569885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.4750359356403351},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4688704311847687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.4369232654571533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.42685744166374207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29852176","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q373338","display_name":"Critical infrastructure","level":2,"score":0.41675931215286255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138331895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11650","display_name":"Electronics","level":2,"score":0.4131208062171936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10558101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855","display_name":"Smart grid","level":2,"score":0.41309189796447754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.37388521432876587},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.36210572719573975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3283405303955078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.2076234221458435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tsg.2011.2159819","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2011.2159819","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S59604973","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","issn_l":"1949-3053","issn":["1949-3053","1949-3061"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.6000000238418579}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1650459147","https://openalex.org/W1964309838","https://openalex.org/W1965345099","https://openalex.org/W1973309971","https://openalex.org/W1974466014","https://openalex.org/W1980256734","https://openalex.org/W1992589487","https://openalex.org/W1996126254","https://openalex.org/W1998891596","https://openalex.org/W2000239500","https://openalex.org/W2005908910","https://openalex.org/W2006825631","https://openalex.org/W2011284636","https://openalex.org/W2017747847","https://openalex.org/W2020767329","https://openalex.org/W2025831231","https://openalex.org/W2030617739","https://openalex.org/W2031808463","https://openalex.org/W2035948517","https://openalex.org/W2057694377","https://openalex.org/W2073630456","https://openalex.org/W2076937249","https://openalex.org/W2083488462","https://openalex.org/W2098377707","https://openalex.org/W2098773374","https://openalex.org/W2115484589","https://openalex.org/W2117440776","https://openalex.org/W2119290091","https://openalex.org/W2121976031","https://openalex.org/W2123797807","https://openalex.org/W2123862979","https://openalex.org/W2132438068","https://openalex.org/W2132825699","https://openalex.org/W2134588720","https://openalex.org/W2144210326","https://openalex.org/W2152057059","https://openalex.org/W2158026207","https://openalex.org/W2158972002","https://openalex.org/W2163763091","https://openalex.org/W2169687334","https://openalex.org/W2209642376","https://openalex.org/W2246718380","https://openalex.org/W2535196201","https://openalex.org/W2537983070","https://openalex.org/W6636838376","https://openalex.org/W6649387528","https://openalex.org/W6728807466"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2132018665","https://openalex.org/W2035973884","https://openalex.org/W2075965984","https://openalex.org/W2534592152","https://openalex.org/W2047841327","https://openalex.org/W1970912181","https://openalex.org/W2367687672","https://openalex.org/W2157403163","https://openalex.org/W2779342289","https://openalex.org/W2738137643"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Energy":[0],"infrastructure":[1],"is":[2,332],"a":[3,134,146,180,216,253,268,304],"critical":[4],"underpinning":[5],"of":[6,14,37,58,82,171,203,211,237,247,257,261,267,286,295,303,313,323,338],"modern":[7],"society":[8],"that":[9,163,198,221],"any":[10],"compromise":[11],"or":[12,280],"sabotage":[13],"its":[15],"secure":[16,135],"and":[17,28,40,55,96,120,127,139,153,159,169,188,195,299],"reliable":[18,118],"operation":[19],"has":[20],"an":[21],"enormous":[22],"impact":[23],"on":[24],"people's":[25],"daily":[26],"lives":[27],"the":[29,41,59,66,69,74,83,103,106,109,113,131,151,167,172,201,204,235,244,248,258,262,265,284,292,296,301,311,321,336,339],"national":[30],"economy.":[31],"The":[32,206],"massive":[33],"northeastern":[34],"power":[35,60,173,240,249,297],"blackout":[36,45],"August":[38],"2003":[39],"most":[42],"recent":[43],"Florida":[44],"have":[46],"both":[47,52,150,193],"revealed":[48],"serious":[49],"defects":[50],"in":[51,62],"system-level":[53],"management":[54],"device-level":[56],"designs":[57],"grid":[61,250],"handling":[63],"attacks.":[64],"At":[65,105],"system":[67,125,132,160,183,196,208,219],"level,":[68,108],"control":[70,122],"area":[71],"operators":[72],"lack":[73],"capability":[75,114],"to":[76,94,115,124,133,155,251,275,289,309],"1)":[77,116,215],"obtain":[78],"real-time":[79,306],"status":[80],"information":[81],"vastly":[84],"distributed":[85,225,287,315],"equipment;":[86],"2)":[87,128,234],"respond":[88],"rapidly":[89,129],"enough":[90],"once":[91],"events":[92],"start":[93],"unravel;":[95],"3)":[97,264],"perform":[98],"coordinated":[99],"actions":[100],"autonomously":[101],"across":[102],"region.":[104],"device":[107],"traditional":[110],"hardware":[111],"lacks":[112],"provide":[117],"frequency":[119],"voltage":[121],"according":[123],"demands":[126],"reconfigure":[130],"state":[136,294],"through":[137],"switches":[138],"power-electronics":[140],"based":[141],"devices.":[142],"These":[143],"blackouts":[144],"were":[145],"wake-up":[147],"call":[148],"for":[149],"industry":[152],"academia":[154],"consider":[156],"new":[157,207],"techniques":[158],"architecture":[161,220],"design":[162,184,209,285],"can":[164],"help":[165],"assure":[166],"security":[168],"reliability":[170],"grid.":[174,205],"In":[175],"this":[176],"paper,":[177],"we":[178],"present":[179],"hardware-in-the-loop":[181],"reconfigurable":[182],"with":[185],"embedded":[186],"intelligence":[187,238],"resilient":[189],"coordination":[190,229],"schemes":[191],"at":[192,243,335],"local":[194,293],"levels":[197],"would":[199],"tackle":[200],"vulnerabilities":[202],"consists":[210],"five":[212],"key":[213],"components:":[214],"location-centric":[217],"hybrid":[218],"facilitates":[222],"not":[223],"only":[224],"processing":[226],"but":[227],"also":[228,333],"among":[230,272],"geographically":[231],"close":[232],"devices;":[233],"insertion":[236],"into":[239],"electronic":[241],"devices":[242,274],"lower":[245],"level":[246],"enable":[252],"more":[254],"direct":[255],"reconfiguration":[256],"physical":[259],"makeup":[260],"grid;":[263,298],"development":[266],"robust":[269],"collaboration":[270],"algorithm":[271],"neighboring":[273],"handle":[276],"possible":[277],"faulty,":[278],"missing,":[279],"incomplete":[281],"information;":[282],"4)":[283],"algorithms":[288],"better":[290],"understand":[291],"5)":[300],"adoption":[302],"control-theoretic":[305],"adaptation":[307],"strategy":[308],"guarantee":[310],"availability":[312],"large":[314],"systems.":[316],"Preliminary":[317],"evaluation":[318],"results":[319],"showing":[320],"advantages":[322],"each":[324],"component":[325],"are":[326],"provided.":[327],"A":[328],"phased":[329],"implementation":[330],"plan":[331],"suggested":[334],"end":[337],"discussion.":[340]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
