{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7133500513","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2026.3670211","title":"A Dynamic Test Oracle for Quantum Programs With Separable Output States","display_name":"A Dynamic Test Oracle for Quantum Programs With Separable Output States","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7133500513","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2026.3670211"},"language":null,"primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tse.2026.3670211","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2026.3670211","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8351582","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","issn_l":"0098-5589","issn":["0098-5589","1939-3520","2326-3881"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122613774","display_name":"Yuechen Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yuechen Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation Science and Electrical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5109-3288","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation Science and Electrical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128085328","display_name":"Kai-Yuan Cai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kai-Yuan Cai","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation Science and Electrical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4546-2407","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation Science and Electrical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109685438","display_name":"Beibei Yin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I82880672","display_name":"Beihang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00wk2mp56","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Beibei Yin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation Science and Electrical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8938-1203","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation Science and Electrical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5122613774"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I82880672"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.44477207,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"52","issue":"4","first_page":"1568","last_page":"1591"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.8621000051498413,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.8621000051498413,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.023600000888109207,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10622","display_name":"Quantum Mechanics and Applications","score":0.01730000041425228,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oracle","display_name":"Oracle","score":0.6115999817848206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/separable-space","display_name":"Separable space","score":0.5546000003814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test","display_name":"Test (biology)","score":0.3393000066280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algebra-over-a-field","display_name":"Algebra over a field","score":0.3224000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-computer","display_name":"Quantum computer","score":0.2906999886035919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/construct","display_name":"Construct (python library)","score":0.28110000491142273}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7684000134468079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55166926","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2892946","display_name":"Oracle","level":2,"score":0.6115999817848206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70710897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q680081","display_name":"Separable space","level":2,"score":0.5546000003814697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.46799999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4510999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.3393000066280365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.33079999685287476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136119220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1000660","display_name":"Algebra over a field","level":2,"score":0.3224000036716461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58053490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176555","display_name":"Quantum computer","level":3,"score":0.2906999886035919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392","display_name":"Construct (python library)","level":2,"score":0.28110000491142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.2777000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94284585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228184","display_name":"Random oracle","level":4,"score":0.27559998631477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.2721000015735626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.26989999413490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137019171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2623817","display_name":"Quantum algorithm","level":3,"score":0.25429999828338623}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tse.2026.3670211","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2026.3670211","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8351582","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","issn_l":"0098-5589","issn":["0098-5589","1939-3520","2326-3881"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5979991218","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"202506020099","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322725","funder_display_name":"China Scholarship Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322725","display_name":"China Scholarship Council","ror":"https://ror.org/04atp4p48"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"quantum":[1,14,90,102,160,206,235],"software":[2],"engineering":[3],"advances,":[4],"testing":[5,185],"techniques":[6],"are":[7,128],"required":[8,129],"to":[9,66,114,130,157,199],"assess":[10],"the":[11,18,21,29,43,48,54,58,67,72,75,78,88,116,132,136,166,174,184,192,201,205],"quality":[12],"of":[13,69,77,92,107,140,176],"programs":[15,86],"(QPs).":[16],"In":[17],"test":[19,22,30,50,80,112,118,141,150,219],"process,":[20],"oracle":[23,113,151],"is":[24,238],"vital":[25],"for":[26,74,121,208],"determining":[27],"whether":[28],"result":[31],"indicates":[32],"a":[33,36,111,147,154,159],"success":[34],"or":[35,194],"failure.":[37],"Most":[38],"related":[39],"works":[40],"directly":[41],"measure":[42],"output":[44,55,89,123,197],"states":[45,91,198],"and":[46,138,203,223],"acquire":[47],"corresponding":[49],"results":[51,81,220],"by":[52],"comparing":[53],"distribution":[56,133,182],"with":[57,165,234],"expected":[59],"one.":[60],"While":[61],"attention":[62],"has":[63],"been":[64],"paid":[65],"capability":[68],"fault":[70],"detection,":[71],"guarantee":[73],"correctness":[76],"produced":[79],"remains":[82],"limited.":[83],"Unlike":[84],"classical":[85,99],"(CPs),":[87],"QPs":[93],"should":[94],"be":[95],"transformed":[96],"into":[97],"probabilistic":[98],"outcomes":[100,127],"through":[101],"measurement.":[103],"This":[104,170],"additional":[105],"operation":[106],"measurement":[108,126,168],"could":[109],"cause":[110],"yield":[115],"wrong":[117],"results.":[119],"Especially":[120],"high-dimensional":[122],"spaces,":[124],"numerous":[125],"capture":[131],"characteristics,":[134],"threatening":[135],"effectiveness":[137,233],"cost-efficiency":[139],"oracles.":[142],"Hence,":[143],"this":[144],"paper":[145],"proposes":[146],"novel":[148],"specified":[149],"DOSS":[152,190,214],"employing":[153],"dynamic":[155],"scheme":[156],"integrate":[158],"algorithm":[161],"(i.e.,":[162],"swap":[163],"test)":[164],"direct":[167],"mode.":[169],"innovative":[171],"approach":[172],"enables":[173],"validation":[175],"individual":[177],"outputs":[178],"rather":[179],"than":[180,221],"their":[181],"during":[183],"phase.":[186],"Considering":[187],"acceptable":[188],"cost,":[189],"decomposes":[191],"fully":[193],"partially":[195],"separable":[196],"lower":[200],"dimensionality":[202],"simplify":[204],"circuit":[207],"testing.":[209],"Empirical":[210],"studies":[211],"demonstrate":[212],"that":[213],"generally":[215],"gives":[216],"more":[217],"correct":[218],"baselines,":[222],"maintains":[224],"reasonable":[225],"cost":[226],"on":[227],"an":[228],"ideal":[229],"simulator.":[230],"Besides,":[231],"DOSS\u2019s":[232],"noise":[236],"involved":[237],"validated":[239],"via":[240],"three":[241],"noisy":[242],"simulators.":[243]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-21T06:05:55.347736","created_date":"2026-03-05T00:00:00"}