{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7133243066","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2026.3668858","title":"Towards Secure Program Partitioning for Smart Contracts With LLM\u2019s In-Context Learning","display_name":"Towards Secure Program Partitioning for Smart Contracts With LLM\u2019s In-Context Learning","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7133243066","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2026.3668858"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tse.2026.3668858","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2026.3668858","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8351582","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","issn_l":"0098-5589","issn":["0098-5589","1939-3520","2326-3881"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5127872455","display_name":"Ye Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79891267","display_name":"Singapore Management University","ror":"https://ror.org/050qmg959","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ye Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Singapore Management University, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6709-3721","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Singapore Management University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077791989","display_name":"Yuqing Niu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79891267","display_name":"Singapore Management University","ror":"https://ror.org/050qmg959","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuqing Niu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Singapore Management University, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6794-4970","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Singapore Management University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123691093","display_name":"Chengyan Ma","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79891267","display_name":"Singapore Management University","ror":"https://ror.org/050qmg959","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chengyan Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Singapore Management University, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9256-6930","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Singapore Management University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037808916","display_name":"Ruidong Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6859-6005"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79891267","display_name":"Singapore Management University","ror":"https://ror.org/050qmg959","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruidong Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["Singapore Management University, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6859-6005","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Singapore Management University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5127777414","display_name":"Wei Ma","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79891267","display_name":"Singapore Management University","ror":"https://ror.org/050qmg959","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Singapore Management University, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0044-466X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Singapore Management University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yi Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4562-8208"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","display_name":"Nanyang Technological University","ror":"https://ror.org/02e7b5302","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nanyang Technological University, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4562-8208","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nanyang Technological University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079108949","display_name":"Debin Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9412-9961"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79891267","display_name":"Singapore Management University","ror":"https://ror.org/050qmg959","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Debin Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Singapore Management University, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9412-9961","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Singapore Management University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122900149","display_name":"David Lo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79891267","display_name":"Singapore Management University","ror":"https://ror.org/050qmg959","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Lo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Singapore Management University, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4367-7201","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Singapore Management University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.22200106,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"52","issue":"4","first_page":"1549","last_page":"1567"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.11270000040531158,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.11270000040531158,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.08760000020265579,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10764","display_name":"Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data","score":0.04569999873638153,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/partition","display_name":"Partition (number theory)","score":0.6431999802589417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confidentiality","display_name":"Confidentiality","score":0.6255000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.42640000581741333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-leakage","display_name":"Information leakage","score":0.4065999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-sensitivity","display_name":"Information sensitivity","score":0.40549999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/static-analysis","display_name":"Static analysis","score":0.39719998836517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reverse-engineering","display_name":"Reverse engineering","score":0.3513999879360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leakage","display_name":"Leakage (economics)","score":0.33149999380111694}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8629999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1082910","display_name":"Partition (number theory)","level":2,"score":0.6431999802589417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71745522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2476929","display_name":"Confidentiality","level":2,"score":0.6255000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.42640000581741333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4097999930381775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779201187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2775060","display_name":"Information leakage","level":2,"score":0.4065999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137822555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2587068","display_name":"Information sensitivity","level":2,"score":0.40549999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97686452","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7604153","display_name":"Static analysis","level":2,"score":0.39719998836517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207850805","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q269608","display_name":"Reverse engineering","level":2,"score":0.3513999879360199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.33469998836517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777042071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6509304","display_name":"Leakage (economics)","level":2,"score":0.33149999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137287247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1329550","display_name":"Static program analysis","level":4,"score":0.3287000060081482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992525071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50818671","display_name":"Federated learning","level":2,"score":0.32519999146461487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33762810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461671","display_name":"Data integrity","level":2,"score":0.31869998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165609540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172486","display_name":"Data breach","level":2,"score":0.3019999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.290800005197525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.28630000352859497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779950589","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7544035","display_name":"Smart contract","level":3,"score":0.27900001406669617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98183937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2112188","display_name":"Program analysis","level":2,"score":0.273499995470047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43126263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128751","display_name":"Source code","level":2,"score":0.27079999446868896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C507571656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848436","display_name":"Home automation","level":2,"score":0.2619999945163727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140006998","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2499307","display_name":"Dynamic program analysis","level":3,"score":0.25780001282691956}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tse.2026.3668858","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2026.3668858","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8351582","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","issn_l":"0098-5589","issn":["0098-5589","1939-3520","2326-3881"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dr.ntu.edu.sg:10356/211858","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10356/211858","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402609","display_name":"DR-NTU (Nanyang Technological University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I172675005","host_organization_name":"Nanyang Technological University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172675005"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Smart":[0],"contracts":[1,68,90],"are":[2],"highly":[3],"susceptible":[4],"to":[5,9,65,122,139,171],"manipulation":[6,16,135,173],"attacks":[7,136],"due":[8],"the":[10,47,56,161],"leakage":[11],"of":[12,60,113,143],"sensitive":[13,39,80,93],"information.":[14],"Addressing":[15],"vulnerabilities":[17],"is":[18],"particularly":[19],"challenging":[20],"because":[21],"they":[22],"stem":[23],"from":[24],"inherent":[25],"data":[26,81],"confidentiality":[27],"issues":[28],"rather":[29],"than":[30,118],"straightforward":[31],"implementation":[32],"bugs.":[33],"To":[34],"tackle":[35],"this":[36],"by":[37,76],"preventing":[38],"information":[40],"leakage,":[41],"we":[42,127],"present":[43],"P<sc":[44,129,147],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[45,103,107,130,148],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">ARTITION</small>GPT,":[46],"first":[48],"LLM-driven":[49],"approach":[50],"that":[51,98,137],"combines":[52],"static":[53],"analysis":[54],"with":[55],"in-context":[57],"learning":[58],"capabilities":[59],"large":[61],"language":[62],"models":[63],"(LLMs)":[64],"partition":[66],"smart":[67,89,168],"into":[69],"critical":[70],"(privileged)":[71],"and":[72,105,160],"normal":[73],"codebases,":[74],"guided":[75],"a":[77,111,140],"few":[78],"annotated":[79,88],"variables.":[82],"We":[83],"evaluated":[84,128],"PARTITIONGPT":[85,99],"on":[86,132],"18":[87],"containing":[91],"99":[92],"functions.":[94],"The":[95],"results":[96],"demonstrate":[97],"successfully":[100],"generates":[101],"<italic":[102,106],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">compilable</i>,":[104],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">verified</i>":[108],"partitions,":[109],"achieving":[110],"precision":[112],"80%":[114],"while":[115],"reducing":[116],"more":[117],"26%":[119],"code":[120],"compared":[121],"functionlevel":[123],"partitioning":[124,166],"approach.":[125],"Furthermore,":[126],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">ARTITION</small>GPT":[131,149],"nine":[133],"real-world":[134],"led":[138],"total":[141],"loss":[142],"25":[144],"million":[145],"dollars,":[146],"effectively":[150],"prevents":[151],"eight":[152],"cases,":[153],"highlighting":[154],"its":[155],"potential":[156],"for":[157,163],"broad":[158],"applicability":[159],"necessity":[162],"secure":[164],"program":[165],"during":[167],"contract":[169],"development":[170],"diminish":[172],"vulnerabilities.":[174]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-03-03T00:00:00"}