{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4407764161","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2026.3655766","title":"Automated TEE Adaptation With LLMs: Identifying, Transforming, and Porting Sensitive Functions in Programs","display_name":"Automated TEE Adaptation With LLMs: Identifying, Transforming, and Porting Sensitive Functions in Programs","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-01-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4407764161","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2026.3655766"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tse.2026.3655766","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2026.3655766","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8351582","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","issn_l":"0098-5589","issn":["0098-5589","1939-3520","2326-3881"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2502.13379","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037808916","display_name":"Ruidong Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6859-6005"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79891267","display_name":"Singapore Management University","ror":"https://ror.org/050qmg959","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruidong Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Information Systems, Singapore Management University, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6859-6005","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Information Systems, Singapore Management University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110372666","display_name":"Zhou Yang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154425047","display_name":"University of Alberta","ror":"https://ror.org/0160cpw27","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhou Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5938-1918","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154425047"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101525727","display_name":"Chengyan Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9256-6930"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79891267","display_name":"Singapore Management University","ror":"https://ror.org/050qmg959","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chengyan Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Information Systems, Singapore Management University, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9256-6930","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Information Systems, Singapore Management University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100346528","display_name":"Ye Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6709-3721"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79891267","display_name":"Singapore Management University","ror":"https://ror.org/050qmg959","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ye Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Information Systems, Singapore Management University, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6709-3721","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Information Systems, Singapore Management University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048280545","display_name":"Yuqing Niu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79891267","display_name":"Singapore Management University","ror":"https://ror.org/050qmg959","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuqing Niu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Information Systems, Singapore Management University, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6794-4970","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Information Systems, Singapore Management University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039957747","display_name":"Siqi Ma","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204824540","display_name":"University of Wollongong","ror":"https://ror.org/00jtmb277","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204824540"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Siqi Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Information Technology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3479-5713","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Information Technology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204824540"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079108949","display_name":"Debin Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9412-9961"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79891267","display_name":"Singapore Management University","ror":"https://ror.org/050qmg959","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Debin Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Information Systems, Singapore Management University, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9412-9961","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Information Systems, Singapore Management University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081036622","display_name":"David Lo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4367-7201"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79891267","display_name":"Singapore Management University","ror":"https://ror.org/050qmg959","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Lo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing and Information Systems, Singapore Management University, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4367-7201","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Information Systems, Singapore Management University, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79891267"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0051473,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"52","issue":"3","first_page":"923","last_page":"938"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11424","display_name":"Security and Verification in Computing","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10772","display_name":"Distributed systems and fault tolerance","score":0.9824000000953674,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11181","display_name":"Advanced Data Storage Technologies","score":0.9807000160217285,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6259880065917969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5432987213134766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.32319653034210205}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6259880065917969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5432987213134766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.32319653034210205}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tse.2026.3655766","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2026.3655766","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8351582","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","issn_l":"0098-5589","issn":["0098-5589","1939-3520","2326-3881"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2502.13379","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2502.13379","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2502.13379","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918464","display_name":"ArXiv.org","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:doi:10.48550/arxiv.2502.13379","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922384","display_name":"Open MIND","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2502.13379","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2502.13379","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2502.13379","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2502.13379","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2502.13379","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4393918464","display_name":"ArXiv.org","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320709","display_name":"National Research Foundation Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/03cpyc314"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Trusted":[0],"Execution":[1],"Environments":[2],"(TEEs)":[3],"isolate":[4],"a":[5,9,131,146],"special":[6],"space":[7],"within":[8],"device":[10,29],"memory":[11],"that":[12,107],"is":[13,30,76],"not":[14],"accessible":[15,90],"to":[16,37,71,91,96],"the":[17,23,28,62,99],"normal":[18],"world":[19],"(also":[20],"known":[21],"as":[22,49],"untrusted":[24],"environment),":[25],"even":[26],"when":[27,178],"compromised.":[31],"Therefore,":[32],"developers":[33],"can":[34,108],"utilize":[35],"TEEs":[36,88,119],"provide":[38],"robust":[39,63],"security":[40,74],"guarantees":[41,75],"for":[42,140,173],"their":[43],"programs,":[44],"protecting":[45],"sensitive":[46,116,137,161],"operations,":[47],"such":[48,73],"encrypted":[50],"data":[51],"storage,":[52],"fingerprint":[53],"verification,":[54],"and":[55,83,112,153,171,175],"remote":[56],"attestation,":[57],"from":[58],"software-based":[59],"attacks.":[60],"Despite":[61],"protections":[64],"offered":[65],"by":[66],"TEEs,":[67],"adapting":[68],"existing":[69],"programs":[70],"leverage":[72],"challenging,":[77],"often":[78],"requiring":[79],"extensive":[80],"domain":[81],"knowledge":[82],"manual":[84],"intervention,":[85],"which":[86,143],"makes":[87],"less":[89],"developers.":[92],"This":[93],"motivates":[94],"us":[95],"design":[97],"AUTOTEE,":[98],"first":[100],"Large":[101],"Language":[102],"Model":[103],"(LLM)":[104],"enabled":[105],"approach":[106],"automatically":[109],"identify,":[110],"transform,":[111],"port":[113],"functions":[114,138,162],"containing":[115],"operations":[117],"into":[118,163],"with":[120],"minimal":[121],"developer":[122],"intervention.":[123],"By":[124],"manually":[125],"reviewing":[126],"68":[127],"repositories,":[128],"we":[129],"constructed":[130],"benchmark":[132],"dataset":[133],"consisting":[134],"of":[135,149,169],"385":[136],"eligible":[139],"transformation,":[141],"on":[142,151,155],"AUTOTEE":[144,157],"achieves":[145],"F1":[147],"score":[148],"0.94":[150],"Java":[152,174],"0.87":[154],"Python.":[156],"effectively":[158],"transforms":[159],"these":[160],"TEE-compatible":[164],"versions,":[165],"achieving":[166],"success":[167],"rates":[168],"91.8%":[170],"84.3%":[172],"Python,":[176],"respectively,":[177],"using":[179],"GPT-4o.":[180]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-20T22:02:38.213706","created_date":"2025-02-21T00:00:00"}