{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414538634","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2025.3614469","title":"Seeing is Believing: Vision-Driven Non-Crash Functional Bug Detection for Mobile Apps","display_name":"Seeing is Believing: Vision-Driven Non-Crash Functional Bug Detection for Mobile Apps","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414538634","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2025.3614469"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tse.2025.3614469","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2025.3614469","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8351582","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","issn_l":"0098-5589","issn":["0098-5589","1939-3520","2326-3881"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100462353","display_name":"Zhe Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9709-8275"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128818","display_name":"Institute of Software","ror":"https://ror.org/033dfsn42","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210128818"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhe Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Complex System Modeling and Simulation Technology, Institute of Software Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Game, Institute of Software Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9709-8275","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Complex System Modeling and Simulation Technology, Institute of Software Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128818"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Game, Institute of Software Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128818","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Cheng Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8193-8497"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128818","display_name":"Institute of Software","ror":"https://ror.org/033dfsn42","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210128818"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cheng Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Complex System Modeling and Simulation Technology, Institute of Software Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Game, Institute of Software Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-8193-8497","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Complex System Modeling and Simulation Technology, Institute of Software Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128818"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Game, Institute of Software Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128818","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Chunyang Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2011-9618"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I62916508","display_name":"Technical University of Munich","ror":"https://ror.org/02kkvpp62","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chunyang Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2011-9618","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I62916508"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108814327","display_name":"Junjie Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9941-6713"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128818","display_name":"Institute of Software","ror":"https://ror.org/033dfsn42","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210128818"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junjie Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Complex System Modeling and Simulation Technology, Institute of Software Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Game, Institute of Software Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9941-6713","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Complex System Modeling and Simulation Technology, Institute of Software Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128818"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Game, Institute of Software Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128818","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006029573","display_name":"M. Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4397-750X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128818","display_name":"Institute of Software","ror":"https://ror.org/033dfsn42","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210128818"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mengzhuo Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Complex System Modeling and Simulation Technology, Institute of Software Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Game, Institute of Software Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4397-750X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Complex System Modeling and Simulation Technology, Institute of Software Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128818"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Game, Institute of Software Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128818","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063484610","display_name":"Boyu Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9285-3419"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128818","display_name":"Institute of Software","ror":"https://ror.org/033dfsn42","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210128818"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Boyu Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Complex System Modeling and Simulation Technology, Institute of Software Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Game, Institute of Software Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9285-3419","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Complex System Modeling and Simulation Technology, Institute of Software Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128818"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Game, Institute of Software Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128818","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115883384","display_name":"Yawen Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2854-4889"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128818","display_name":"Institute of Software","ror":"https://ror.org/033dfsn42","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210128818"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yawen Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Complex System Modeling and Simulation Technology, Institute of Software Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Game, Institute of Software Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2854-4889","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Complex System Modeling and Simulation Technology, Institute of Software Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128818"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Game, Institute of Software Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128818","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jun Hu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1530-7499"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128818","display_name":"Institute of Software","ror":"https://ror.org/033dfsn42","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210128818"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Complex System Modeling and Simulation Technology, Institute of Software Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Game, Institute of Software Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1530-7499","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Complex System Modeling and Simulation Technology, Institute of Software Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128818"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Game, Institute of Software Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128818","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100434820","display_name":"Qing Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2618-5694"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128818","display_name":"Institute of Software","ror":"https://ror.org/033dfsn42","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210128818"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165038","display_name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/05qbk4x57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qing Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Complex System Modeling and Simulation Technology, Institute of Software Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Game, Institute of Software Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2618-5694","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Complex System Modeling and Simulation Technology, Institute of Software Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128818"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Game, Institute of Software Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128818","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100462353"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210128818","https://openalex.org/I4210165038"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.252,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97455001,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"51","issue":"12","first_page":"3452","last_page":"3466"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12799","display_name":"Mobile and Web Applications","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12799","display_name":"Mobile and Web Applications","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9890000224113464,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantics","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","score":0.5454000234603882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-bug","display_name":"Software bug","score":0.4507000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visualization","display_name":"Visualization","score":0.4424999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graphical-user-interface","display_name":"Graphical user interface","score":0.4357999861240387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precision-and-recall","display_name":"Precision and recall","score":0.40380001068115234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.39649999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mobile-apps","display_name":"Mobile apps","score":0.38850000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/user-interface","display_name":"User interface","score":0.3758000135421753}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.881600022315979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.5454000234603882},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.47679999470710754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1009929","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179550","display_name":"Software bug","level":3,"score":0.4507000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.4424999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37789001","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q782543","display_name":"Graphical user interface","level":2,"score":0.4357999861240387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81669768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2359161","display_name":"Precision and recall","level":2,"score":0.40380001068115234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.39649999141693115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988145974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q620615","display_name":"Mobile apps","level":2,"score":0.38850000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89505385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47146","display_name":"User interface","level":2,"score":0.3758000135421753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.366100013256073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.35589998960494995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66153210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5597182","display_name":"Graphical user interface testing","level":4,"score":0.35580000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100660578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18733","display_name":"Recall","level":2,"score":0.33899998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80823478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4493432","display_name":"Functional testing","level":3,"score":0.335999995470047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984328558","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188522","display_name":"Software testing","level":3,"score":0.3319000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780878386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1659648","display_name":"Visual language","level":2,"score":0.320499986410141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186967261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5082128","display_name":"Mobile device","level":2,"score":0.3199000060558319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.3181000053882599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183469790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333501","display_name":"Crash","level":2,"score":0.3167000114917755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128942645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1568346","display_name":"Test case","level":3,"score":0.2937999963760376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201025465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11248500","display_name":"User experience design","level":2,"score":0.2928999960422516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777561058","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2652119","display_name":"Program comprehension","level":4,"score":0.2840999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113843644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901882","display_name":"Interface (matter)","level":4,"score":0.2816999852657318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178059732","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1982529","display_name":"Software performance testing","level":5,"score":0.2815999984741211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.2759000062942505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2732999920845032}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tse.2025.3614469","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2025.3614469","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8351582","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","issn_l":"0098-5589","issn":["0098-5589","1939-3520","2326-3881"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1581568102","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62072442","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G467354838","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62402483","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5522907659","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62402484","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5717671410","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62272445","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6800602771","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62232016","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W176206521","https://openalex.org/W1992460156","https://openalex.org/W1996574389","https://openalex.org/W2027999475","https://openalex.org/W2028916132","https://openalex.org/W2071751474","https://openalex.org/W2161963160","https://openalex.org/W2356780433","https://openalex.org/W2463553622","https://openalex.org/W2546750171","https://openalex.org/W2619271281","https://openalex.org/W2621123093","https://openalex.org/W2724266064","https://openalex.org/W2740742367","https://openalex.org/W2753696847","https://openalex.org/W2767304105","https://openalex.org/W2792535537","https://openalex.org/W2884403759","https://openalex.org/W2899070402","https://openalex.org/W2912624940","https://openalex.org/W2954909443","https://openalex.org/W2955215835","https://openalex.org/W2999119789","https://openalex.org/W2999907851","https://openalex.org/W3000438717","https://openalex.org/W3015693366","https://openalex.org/W3026203297","https://openalex.org/W3043122026","https://openalex.org/W3082687416","https://openalex.org/W3097148955","https://openalex.org/W3108554407","https://openalex.org/W3163374010","https://openalex.org/W3175425861","https://openalex.org/W3177754813","https://openalex.org/W3206846523","https://openalex.org/W4213067985","https://openalex.org/W4234590960","https://openalex.org/W4285490475","https://openalex.org/W4308643043","https://openalex.org/W4311001454","https://openalex.org/W4323644357","https://openalex.org/W4384155409","https://openalex.org/W4384345667","https://openalex.org/W4389158575","https://openalex.org/W4399121418","https://openalex.org/W4400484637","https://openalex.org/W4401544398","https://openalex.org/W4409796575"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Mobile":[0],"app":[1],"GUI":[2,40,112,147],"(Graphical":[3],"User":[4],"Interface)":[5],"pages":[6],"now":[7],"contain":[8],"rich":[9],"visual":[10,14,28,86,131,179],"information,":[11],"with":[12,57,216,234],"the":[13,22,45,108,121,165,168,198,235,243],"semantics":[15],"of":[16,47,99,107,124,200,245,259],"each":[17,246],"page":[18,113],"helping":[19],"users":[20],"understand":[21],"application":[23],"logic.":[24],"However,":[25],"these":[26,80],"complex":[27],"and":[29,101,132,161,171,180,189,213,225,231],"functional":[30,64,82,153],"logics":[31],"present":[32],"new":[33],"challenges":[34],"to":[35,53,70,163,196],"software":[36],"testing.":[37],"Existing":[38],"automated":[39,146],"testing":[41,49,92,148,169],"methods,":[42],"constrained":[43],"by":[44,76],"lack":[46],"reliable":[48],"oracles,":[50,93],"are":[51],"limited":[52],"detecting":[54,102,151],"crash":[55],"bugs":[56,83,212,255],"obvious":[58],"abnormal":[59],"signals.":[60],"Consequently,":[61],"many":[62],"non-crash":[63,81,152,194,211],"bugs,":[65,195],"ranging":[66],"from":[67],"unexpected":[68],"behaviors":[69],"logical":[71],"errors,":[72],"often":[73,95],"evade":[74],"detection":[75],"current":[77],"techniques.":[78,119],"While":[79],"can":[84,220],"exhibit":[85],"cues":[87],"that":[88],"serve":[89],"as":[90],"potential":[91],"they":[94],"entail":[96],"a":[97,141],"sequence":[98],"screenshots,":[100],"them":[103],"necessitates":[104],"an":[105],"understanding":[106],"operational":[109],"logic":[110],"among":[111],"transitions,":[114],"which":[115,260],"is":[116],"challenging":[117],"traditional":[118],"Considering":[120],"remarkable":[122],"performance":[123,199],"Multimodal":[125],"Large":[126],"Language":[127],"Models":[128],"(MLLM)":[129],"in":[130,228],"language":[133],"understanding,":[134],"this":[135],"paper":[136],"proposes":[137],"<monospace":[138,206,249],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[139,207,250],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">VisionDroid</monospace>,":[140],"novel":[142],"vision-driven,":[143],"multi-agent":[144],"collaborative":[145],"approach":[149],"for":[150,183,193],"bugs.":[154],"It":[155],"comprises":[156],"three":[157],"agents:":[158],"Explorer,":[159],"Monitor,":[160],"Detector,":[162],"guide":[164],"exploration,":[166,188],"oversee":[167],"progress,":[170],"spot":[172],"issues.We":[173],"also":[174],"address":[175],"several":[176],"challenges,i.e.,":[177],"aligning":[178],"textual":[181],"information":[182],"MLLM":[184],"input,":[185],"achieving":[186],"functionality-oriented":[187],"inferring":[190],"test":[191],"oracles":[192],"enhance":[197],"functionality":[201],"bug":[202],"detection.":[203],"We":[204],"evaluate":[205],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">VisionDroid</monospace>":[208,251],"on":[209,256],"590":[210],"compare":[214],"it":[215,219],"12":[217],"baselines,":[218],"achieve":[221],"more":[222],"than":[223],"14%-112%":[224],"108%-147%":[226],"boost":[227],"average":[229],"recall":[230],"precision":[232],"compared":[233],"best":[236],"baseline.":[237],"The":[238],"ablation":[239],"study":[240],"further":[241],"proves":[242],"contribution":[244],"module.":[247],"Moreover,":[248],"identifies":[252],"43":[253],"unknown":[254],"Google":[257],"Play,":[258],"31":[261],"have":[262],"been":[263],"fixed.":[264]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-07T13:39:58.223016","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}