{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4413074098","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2025.3589634","title":"Prompt Alchemy: Automatic Prompt Refinement for Enhancing Code Generation","display_name":"Prompt Alchemy: Automatic Prompt Refinement for Enhancing Code Generation","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-07-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4413074098","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2025.3589634"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tse.2025.3589634","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2025.3589634","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8351582","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","issn_l":"0098-5589","issn":["0098-5589","1939-3520","2326-3881"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018762183","display_name":"Sixiang Ye","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1322-5328"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75390827","display_name":"Beijing University of Chemical Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00df5yc52","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75390827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sixiang Ye","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1322-5328","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75390827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047965752","display_name":"Zeyu Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9990-9120"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210128818","display_name":"Institute of Software","ror":"https://ror.org/033dfsn42","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210128818"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zeyu Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["National Key Laboratory of Space Integrated Information System, Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9990-9120","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Key Laboratory of Space Integrated Information System, Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210128818"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084069443","display_name":"Guoqing Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5208-4750"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guoqing Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of High Confidence Software Technologies, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China","Peking University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-5208-4750","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of High Confidence Software Technologies, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Peking University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Liwei Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1273-7920"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75390827","display_name":"Beijing University of Chemical Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00df5yc52","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75390827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Liwei Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1273-7920","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75390827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034794084","display_name":"Qingyuan Liang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1697-3451"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20231570","display_name":"Peking University","ror":"https://ror.org/02v51f717","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qingyuan Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of High Confidence Software Technologies, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China","Peking University, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1697-3451","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of High Confidence Software Technologies, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Peking University, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20231570"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Zheng Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3938-7033"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75390827","display_name":"Beijing University of Chemical Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00df5yc52","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75390827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zheng Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3938-7033","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75390827"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101595134","display_name":"Yong Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1754-3039"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75390827","display_name":"Beijing University of Chemical Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00df5yc52","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75390827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yong Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1754-3039","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75390827"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.5285,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92813511,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"51","issue":"9","first_page":"2472","last_page":"2493"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9814000129699707,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9814000129699707,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11032","display_name":"VLSI and Analog Circuit Testing","score":0.9628000259399414,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10904","display_name":"Embedded Systems Design Techniques","score":0.9484000205993652,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.835075855255127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.6217448115348816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.6183569431304932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code-generation","display_name":"Code generation","score":0.5831764340400696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alchemy","display_name":"Alchemy","score":0.5712974071502686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.42534250020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parallel-computing","display_name":"Parallel computing","score":0.36750921607017517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.3545039892196655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.3290465474128723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.22114232182502747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.1946544051170349}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.835075855255127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.6217448115348816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.6183569431304932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133162039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061077","display_name":"Code generation","level":3,"score":0.5831764340400696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174468945","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39689","display_name":"Alchemy","level":2,"score":0.5712974071502686},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.42534250020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173608175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232661","display_name":"Parallel computing","level":1,"score":0.36750921607017517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.3545039892196655},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.3290465474128723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.22114232182502747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.1946544051170349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27206212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34178","display_name":"Theology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tse.2025.3589634","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2025.3589634","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8351582","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","issn_l":"0098-5589","issn":["0098-5589","1939-3520","2326-3881"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7933081791","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61902015","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8355433955","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62402482","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W3108032709","https://openalex.org/W4281763794","https://openalex.org/W4288055447","https://openalex.org/W4385571480","https://openalex.org/W4389518960","https://openalex.org/W4389520756","https://openalex.org/W4389524484","https://openalex.org/W4392414327","https://openalex.org/W4394745253","https://openalex.org/W4394769102","https://openalex.org/W4398239377","https://openalex.org/W4399557965","https://openalex.org/W4401508141","https://openalex.org/W4401996408","https://openalex.org/W4402516191","https://openalex.org/W4402670687","https://openalex.org/W4402671743","https://openalex.org/W4402671883","https://openalex.org/W4402860127","https://openalex.org/W4406424147"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2327690717","https://openalex.org/W1570968926","https://openalex.org/W2033179625","https://openalex.org/W4253737202","https://openalex.org/W2367275899","https://openalex.org/W2056396287","https://openalex.org/W2163672025","https://openalex.org/W2048831961","https://openalex.org/W1606349578","https://openalex.org/W4399567378"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Code":[0],"generation":[1,134,231],"has":[2],"gained":[3],"increasing":[4],"attention":[5],"as":[6],"a":[7,71],"task":[8],"to":[9,79,119,196,203,219,239],"automate":[10],"software":[11],"development":[12],"by":[13,91,182],"transforming":[14],"high-level":[15],"descriptions":[16],"into":[17],"executable":[18],"code.":[19],"While":[20],"large":[21],"language":[22],"models":[23],"(LLMs)":[24],"are":[25],"effective":[26],"in":[27,47,64,229],"generating":[28],"code,":[29],"their":[30],"performance":[31,190,222],"heavily":[32],"relies":[33],"on":[34,111,129,170,191],"the":[35,60,85,93,173,209,251],"quality":[36],"of":[37,62,87,142,161],"input":[38],"prompts.":[39],"Current":[40],"prompt":[41,89,97,118,213],"engineering":[42,90,214],"methods":[43,181],"involve":[44],"manual":[45,88],"effort":[46],"designing":[48],"prompts,":[49],"which":[50],"can":[51,217],"be":[52,240],"time-consuming":[53],"and":[54,101,122,135,164,199,232,248,256],"yield":[55],"inconsistent":[56],"results,":[57],"potentially":[58],"constraining":[59],"efficacy":[61],"LLMs":[63],"practical":[65],"applications.":[66],"This":[67],"paper":[68],"introduces":[69],"Prochemy,":[70],"novel":[72],"approach":[73],"for":[74],"automatically":[75],"refining":[76],"prompts":[77,109,243,255],"iteratively":[78,107],"enhance":[80],"code":[81,133,136,185,230],"generation.":[82],"Prochemy":[83,128,149,176,187,216,236],"addresses":[84],"limitations":[86],"automating":[92],"optimization":[94],"process,":[95],"ensuring":[96],"consistency":[98,121],"during":[99],"inference,":[100],"aligning":[102],"with":[103,150,244],"multi-agent":[104],"systems.":[105],"It":[106,158],"refines":[108],"based":[110],"model":[112,211],"performance,":[113],"using":[114,139],"an":[115],"optimized":[116],"final":[117],"improve":[120],"reliability":[123],"across":[124],"tasks.":[125,234],"We":[126],"evaluate":[127],"both":[130],"natural":[131],"language-based":[132],"translation":[137,233],"tasks":[138],"three":[140],"series":[141],"LLMs.":[143],"Results":[144],"show":[145,220],"that":[146,208],"when":[147],"combining":[148],"existing":[151],"approaches,":[152],"it":[153],"outperforms":[154,179],"baseline":[155],"prompting":[156],"methods.":[157],"achieves":[159],"improvements":[160],"5.0%":[162],"(GPT-3.5-Turbo)":[163],"1.9%":[165],"(GPT-4o)":[166],"over":[167],"zero-shot":[168],"baselines":[169],"HumanEval.":[171],"For":[172,184],"state-of-the-art":[174],"LDB,":[175],"+":[177],"LDB":[178],"standalone":[180],"1.2\u20131.8%.":[183],"translation,":[186],"elevates":[188],"GPT-4o\u2019s":[189],"Java-to-Python":[192],"(AVATAR)":[193],"from":[194,201],"74.5":[195],"84.1":[197],"(+12.9%)":[198],"Python-to-Java":[200],"66.8":[202],"78.2":[204],"(+17.1%).":[205],"Furthermore,":[206],"considering":[207],"o1-mini":[210],"integrates":[212],"techniques,":[215],"continue":[218],"good":[221],"among":[223],"it,":[224],"further":[225],"validating":[226],"its":[227],"effectiveness":[228],"Additionally,":[235],"is":[237],"designed":[238],"plug-and-play,":[241],"optimizing":[242],"minimal":[245],"human":[246],"intervention":[247],"seamlessly":[249],"bridging":[250],"gap":[252],"between":[253],"simple":[254],"complex":[257],"frameworks.":[258]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
