{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411232430","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2025.3579574","title":"BLAZE: Cross-Language and Cross-Project Bug Localization via Dynamic Chunking and Hard Example Learning","display_name":"BLAZE: Cross-Language and Cross-Project Bug Localization via Dynamic Chunking and Hard Example Learning","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411232430","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2025.3579574"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tse.2025.3579574","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2025.3579574","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8351582","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","issn_l":"0098-5589","issn":["0098-5589","1939-3520","2326-3881"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048882099","display_name":"Partha Chakraborty","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5965-615X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Partha Chakraborty","raw_affiliation_strings":["David R. Cheriton School of Computer Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada","David R. Cheriton School of Computer Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5965-615X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"David R. Cheriton School of Computer Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"David R. Cheriton School of Computer Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091616761","display_name":"Mahmoud Alfadel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2621-6104"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I168635309","display_name":"University of Calgary","ror":"https://ror.org/03yjb2x39","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mahmoud Alfadel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada","David R. Cheriton School of Computer Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2621-6104","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I168635309"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"David R. Cheriton School of Computer Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029916309","display_name":"Meiyappan Nagappan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4533-4728"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I151746483","display_name":"University of Waterloo","ror":"https://ror.org/01aff2v68","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meiyappan Nagappan","raw_affiliation_strings":["David R. Cheriton School of Computer Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada","David R. Cheriton School of Computer Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4533-4728","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"David R. Cheriton School of Computer Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"David R. Cheriton School of Computer Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I151746483"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":16.144,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9885864,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"51","issue":"8","first_page":"2254","last_page":"2267"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9861999750137329,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.9861999750137329,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10430","display_name":"Software Engineering Techniques and Practices","score":0.9628999829292297,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8848811388015747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chunking","display_name":"Chunking (psychology)","score":0.8253571391105652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.5980501770973206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.43395593762397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3933538496494293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.3836313784122467}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8848811388015747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203357204","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1089605","display_name":"Chunking (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.8253571391105652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.5980501770973206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.43395593762397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3933538496494293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3836313784122467}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tse.2025.3579574","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2025.3579574","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8351582","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","issn_l":"0098-5589","issn":["0098-5589","1939-3520","2326-3881"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":80,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1539495021","https://openalex.org/W1973644552","https://openalex.org/W2017485217","https://openalex.org/W2040577374","https://openalex.org/W2049238280","https://openalex.org/W2058230372","https://openalex.org/W2094175593","https://openalex.org/W2108017975","https://openalex.org/W2112779014","https://openalex.org/W2119070456","https://openalex.org/W2132383311","https://openalex.org/W2142481192","https://openalex.org/W2143728276","https://openalex.org/W2148972377","https://openalex.org/W2157353183","https://openalex.org/W2170224888","https://openalex.org/W2408181256","https://openalex.org/W2729710884","https://openalex.org/W2759963882","https://openalex.org/W2793836045","https://openalex.org/W2805788202","https://openalex.org/W2832556032","https://openalex.org/W2887255581","https://openalex.org/W2896457183","https://openalex.org/W2949266019","https://openalex.org/W2969229669","https://openalex.org/W2979367728","https://openalex.org/W2979566992","https://openalex.org/W2980518752","https://openalex.org/W3021397474","https://openalex.org/W3033850452","https://openalex.org/W3035390069","https://openalex.org/W3085794062","https://openalex.org/W3092221863","https://openalex.org/W3098306444","https://openalex.org/W3098605233","https://openalex.org/W3109894131","https://openalex.org/W3138897664","https://openalex.org/W3143341472","https://openalex.org/W3149255455","https://openalex.org/W3154151289","https://openalex.org/W3157758108","https://openalex.org/W3158154878","https://openalex.org/W3160465489","https://openalex.org/W3165304031","https://openalex.org/W3174809957","https://openalex.org/W3198431451","https://openalex.org/W3203911409","https://openalex.org/W3207629813","https://openalex.org/W3215367037","https://openalex.org/W4206600618","https://openalex.org/W4226325130","https://openalex.org/W4284694567","https://openalex.org/W4284698368","https://openalex.org/W4289976876","https://openalex.org/W4294811229","https://openalex.org/W4298156464","https://openalex.org/W4312744082","https://openalex.org/W4322153971","https://openalex.org/W4353004366","https://openalex.org/W4364381300","https://openalex.org/W4368894612","https://openalex.org/W4375861705","https://openalex.org/W4377707837","https://openalex.org/W4384009748","https://openalex.org/W4385570090","https://openalex.org/W4385570961","https://openalex.org/W4388483172","https://openalex.org/W4389160736","https://openalex.org/W4390975090","https://openalex.org/W4391579639","https://openalex.org/W4400582287","https://openalex.org/W4402040489","https://openalex.org/W6732017966","https://openalex.org/W6766673545","https://openalex.org/W6776048684","https://openalex.org/W6783227185","https://openalex.org/W6784356820","https://openalex.org/W6811227958","https://openalex.org/W6857708876"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2384729545","https://openalex.org/W2198395236","https://openalex.org/W2800417007","https://openalex.org/W147604216","https://openalex.org/W2161080928","https://openalex.org/W4245487161","https://openalex.org/W2090755435","https://openalex.org/W2039036070","https://openalex.org/W2153813398","https://openalex.org/W3204019825"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Software":[0],"bugs":[1,158],"require":[2],"developers":[3],"to":[4,8,77,86,121,137,192,200,234],"expend":[5],"significant":[6],"effort":[7],"identify":[9],"and":[10,56,94,111,140,162,174,185,215],"resolve":[11],"them,":[12],"often":[13],"consuming":[14],"about":[15],"one-third":[16],"of":[17,24,148,178,203,230],"their":[18],"time.":[19],"Bug":[20],"localization,":[21],"the":[22,26,146,152,228,235],"process":[23],"pinpointing":[25],"exact":[27],"source":[28,119],"code":[29,120],"files":[30],"that":[31,74,107],"need":[32],"modification,":[33],"is":[34],"crucial":[35],"in":[36,52,135,205,210,217],"reducing":[37],"this":[38],"effort.":[39],"Existing":[40],"bug":[41,72,133,142],"localization":[42,73],"tools,":[43],"typically":[44],"reliant":[45],"on":[46,180],"deep":[47],"learning":[48],"techniques,":[49],"face":[50],"limitations":[51],"both":[53],"cross-project":[54,139],"applicability":[55],"multi-language":[57],"environments.":[58],"<p":[59],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[60],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">Recent":[61],"advancements":[62],"with":[63,89],"Large":[64],"Language":[65],"Models":[66],"(LLMs)":[67],"offer":[68],"detailed":[69],"representations":[70],"for":[71],"may":[75],"help":[76],"overcome":[78],"such":[79],"limitations.":[80],"However,":[81],"these":[82,100],"models":[83],"are":[84],"known":[85],"encounter":[87],"challenges":[88],"1)":[90],"limited":[91],"context":[92],"windows":[93],"2)":[95],"mapping":[96],"accuracy.":[97],"To":[98,144],"address":[99],"challenges,":[101],"we":[102,150],"propose":[103],"<monospace>BLAZE</monospace>,":[104,149],"an":[105,201,223],"approach":[106],"employs":[108],"<i>dynamic":[109],"chunking</i>":[110],"<i>hard":[112],"example":[113],"learning</i>.":[114],"First,":[115],"<monospace>BLAZE</monospace>":[116,126,179,197],"dynamically":[117],"segments":[118],"minimize":[122],"continuity":[123],"loss.":[124],"Then,":[125],"fine-tunes":[127],"a":[128],"GPT-based":[129],"model":[130],"using":[131],"complex":[132],"reports":[134],"order":[136],"enhance":[138],"cross-language":[141],"localization.":[143],"support":[145],"capability":[147],"create":[151],"<monospace>BeetleBox</monospace>":[153],"dataset,":[154],"which":[155],"comprises":[156],"23,782":[157],"from":[159],"29":[160],"large":[161],"thriving":[163],"opensource":[164],"projects":[165],"across":[166],"five":[167],"programming":[168],"languages":[169],"(Java,":[170],"C++,":[171],"Python,":[172],"Go,":[173],"JavaScript).":[175],"Our":[176],"evaluation":[177],"three":[181],"benchmark":[182],"datasets\u2014<monospace>BeetleBox</monospace>,":[183],"SWE-Bench,":[184],"Ye":[186],"et":[187],"al.\u2014demonstrates":[188],"substantial":[189],"improvements":[190],"compared":[191],"six":[193],"<i>state-of-the-art</i>":[194],"baselines.":[195],"Specifically,":[196],"achieves":[198],"up":[199],"increase":[202],"120%":[204],"Top":[206],"1":[207],"accuracy,":[208],"144%":[209],"Mean":[211,218],"Average":[212],"Precision":[213],"(MAP),":[214],"100%":[216],"Reciprocal":[219],"Rank":[220],"(MRR).":[221],"Furthermore,":[222],"extensive":[224],"ablation":[225],"study":[226],"confirms":[227],"contributions":[229],"our":[231],"pipeline":[232],"components":[233],"overall":[236],"performance":[237],"enhancement.":[238]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-15T18:14:33.161393","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}