{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411270272","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2025.3578816","title":"Malo in the Code Jungle: Explainable Fault Localization for Decentralized Applications","display_name":"Malo in the Code Jungle: Explainable Fault Localization for Decentralized Applications","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411270272","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2025.3578816"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tse.2025.3578816","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2025.3578816","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8351582","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","issn_l":"0098-5589","issn":["0098-5589","1939-3520","2326-3881"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5092253315","display_name":"Hui Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8717-9184"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hui Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031531093","display_name":"Jiajing Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5155-8547"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiajing Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043816808","display_name":"Zhiying Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4633-0008"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiying Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100676264","display_name":"Zhe Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0458-5205"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["CN","HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhe Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","The University of Hong Kong Faculty of Engineering, Hong Kong"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Hong Kong Faculty of Engineering, Hong Kong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633","https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075647607","display_name":"Dan Lin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7067-2396"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dan Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086118824","display_name":"Jiachi Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0192-9992"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiachi Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056123187","display_name":"Yuren Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0497-0835"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuren Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000582109","display_name":"Zibin Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7878-4330"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zibin Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5092253315"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.5567,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.84714397,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"51","issue":"7","first_page":"2197","last_page":"2210"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12127","display_name":"Software System Performance and Reliability","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10679","display_name":"Service-Oriented Architecture and Web Services","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10639","display_name":"Advanced Software Engineering Methodologies","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8519622087478638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/jungle","display_name":"Jungle","score":0.8354312181472778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.6700124740600586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.46376466751098633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code-generation","display_name":"Code generation","score":0.4573492407798767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault","display_name":"Fault (geology)","score":0.4342450499534607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.42608392238616943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fault-tolerance","display_name":"Fault tolerance","score":0.4204466938972473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering","display_name":"Software engineering","score":0.32862621545791626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.27238863706588745}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8519622087478638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776410375","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191086","display_name":"Jungle","level":2,"score":0.8354312181472778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.6700124740600586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.46376466751098633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133162039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1061077","display_name":"Code generation","level":3,"score":0.4573492407798767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175551986","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47089","display_name":"Fault (geology)","level":2,"score":0.4342450499534607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.42608392238616943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63540848","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3140932","display_name":"Fault tolerance","level":2,"score":0.4204466938972473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.32862621545791626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.27238863706588745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165205528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83371","display_name":"Seismology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tse.2025.3578816","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tse.2025.3578816","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S8351582","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","issn_l":"0098-5589","issn":["0098-5589","1939-3520","2326-3881"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","score":0.6800000071525574,"display_name":"Climate action"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1950030762","https://openalex.org/W1990785546","https://openalex.org/W2067436653","https://openalex.org/W2101819268","https://openalex.org/W2128049346","https://openalex.org/W2467903332","https://openalex.org/W2735706718","https://openalex.org/W2762786131","https://openalex.org/W2921022558","https://openalex.org/W2958754741","https://openalex.org/W2973664726","https://openalex.org/W2999673069","https://openalex.org/W3098605233","https://openalex.org/W3160492491","https://openalex.org/W3172306995","https://openalex.org/W3185341429","https://openalex.org/W3195442242","https://openalex.org/W4312660944","https://openalex.org/W4388483249","https://openalex.org/W4390097444","https://openalex.org/W4390204305","https://openalex.org/W4391249321","https://openalex.org/W4391579639","https://openalex.org/W4391876619","https://openalex.org/W4400582623","https://openalex.org/W4402443213","https://openalex.org/W4406779522","https://openalex.org/W6767098714","https://openalex.org/W6793285265","https://openalex.org/W6851878739","https://openalex.org/W6852874933","https://openalex.org/W6853817812","https://openalex.org/W6856504490","https://openalex.org/W6863003266","https://openalex.org/W6863126066","https://openalex.org/W6864384503","https://openalex.org/W6869065470","https://openalex.org/W6870826366"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W604776852","https://openalex.org/W2156795617","https://openalex.org/W1524104001","https://openalex.org/W1900808973","https://openalex.org/W4239404776","https://openalex.org/W4239501966","https://openalex.org/W1561523934","https://openalex.org/W2048831961","https://openalex.org/W1606349578","https://openalex.org/W4399567378"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Decentralized":[0],"applications":[1],"(DApps)":[2],"have":[3],"long":[4],"been":[5],"sitting":[6],"ducks":[7],"for":[8,55,91,115,159],"hackers":[9],"due":[10],"to":[11,18,32,67,77,112,132,145],"their":[12],"valuable":[13],"cryptocurrency":[14],"assets,":[15],"exposing":[16],"them":[17],"various":[19],"security":[20],"risks.":[21],"When":[22],"a":[23,68,89,166,195,215],"DApp":[24,171],"is":[25,30],"attacked,":[26],"promptly":[27],"identifying":[28],"faults":[29,160,172,180],"crucial":[31],"minimizing":[33],"financial":[34],"losses":[35],"and":[36,105,126,136,152,207,237],"ensuring":[37],"effective":[38],"fault":[39,43,63,74,94,98,118,130],"repair.":[40],"However,":[41],"existing":[42],"localization":[44,75],"methods,":[45],"which":[46,218],"mostly":[47],"rely":[48],"on":[49,165],"code":[50,236],"coverage,":[51],"often":[52],"fall":[53],"short":[54],"DApps,":[56],"particularly":[57],"when":[58],"dealing":[59],"with":[60],"only":[61],"one":[62],"case.":[64],"Furthermore,":[65],"according":[66],"prior":[69],"survey,":[70],"most":[71],"developers":[72,227],"expect":[73],"tools":[76],"provide":[78],"reasonable":[79,157],"explanations.":[80],"<p":[81],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[82],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">In":[83],"this":[84],"paper,":[85],"we":[86,213],"present":[87],"Malo,":[88],"method":[90],"DApp-specific":[92],"explainable":[93],"localization.":[95],"It":[96],"identifies":[97],"functions":[99],"through":[100],"<i>suspicious":[101],"token":[102],"transfer-guided":[103],"analysis</i>,":[104],"then":[106],"employs":[107],"Large":[108],"Language":[109],"Models":[110],"(LLMs)":[111],"generate":[113],"explanations":[114,158,203,221],"these":[116],"identified":[117],"functions.":[119],"Specifically,":[120],"Malo":[121,155,175,206,224],"examines":[122],"function":[123],"call":[124],"traces":[125],"source":[127],"codes":[128],"of":[129,168,179,199,233],"cases":[131],"acquire":[133],"<i>internal":[134],"knowledge</i>,":[135],"also":[137,193],"retrieves":[138],"relevant":[139],"project":[140],"documents":[141],"from":[142],"the":[143,182,187,202,208,230],"Web":[144],"obtain":[146],"<i>external":[147],"knowledge</i>.":[148],"By":[149],"integrating":[150],"internal":[151],"external":[153],"knowledge,":[154],"generates":[156],"in":[161,228],"DApps.":[162],"Our":[163,235],"evaluation":[164],"dataset":[167,238],"68":[169],"real-world":[170],"demonstrates":[173],"that":[174,220],"can":[176,225],"locate":[177],"62%":[178],"within":[181],"Top-5,":[183],"9%":[184],"higher":[185],"than":[186],"state-of-the-art":[188],"method.":[189],"The":[190],"experiment":[191],"results":[192],"demonstrate":[194],"remarkable":[196],"alignment":[197],"accuracy":[198],"71%":[200],"between":[201],"generated":[204,222],"by":[205,223],"ground":[209],"truth.":[210],"In":[211],"addition,":[212],"conduct":[214],"user":[216],"study,":[217],"confirms":[219],"aid":[226],"comprehending":[229],"root":[231],"cause":[232],"faults.":[234],"are":[239],"available":[240],"online:":[241],"https://github.com/SodalimeZero/Malo_Code.git.":[242]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}